Antifungal compound process

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to a process for preparing compound 1 that is useful as an antifungal agent. In particular, the invention seeks to provide new methodology for preparing compound 1 and substituted derivatives thereof.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is the U.S. National Stage, pursuant to 35 U.S.C. §371, of International Application No. PCT/US2015/021484, filed Mar. 19,2015, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent ApplicationSer. No. 61/955,599 filed Mar. 19, 2014, the entire disclosures of whichare incorporated by reference herein.

STATEMENT OF GOVERNMENT SUPPORT

This invention was created in the performance of a Cooperative Researchand Development Agreement with the National Institutes of Health, anAgency of the Department of Health and Human Services. The Government ofthe United States has certain rights in this invention.

The present invention relates to a process for preparing compound 1 thatis useful as an antifungal agent. In particular, the invention seeks toprovide a new methodology for preparing compound 1 and substitutedderivatives thereof.

BACKGROUND

Living organisms have developed tightly regulated processes thatspecifically import metals, transport them to intracellular storagesites and ultimately transport them to sites of use. One of the mostimportant functions of metals such as zinc and iron in biologicalsystems is to enable the activity of metalloenzymes. Metalloenzymes areenzymes that incorporate metal ions into the enzyme active site andutilize the metal as a part of the catalytic process. More thanone-third of all characterized enzymes are metalloenzymes.

The function of metalloenzymes is highly dependent on the presence ofthe metal ion in the active site of the enzyme. It is well recognizedthat agents which bind to and inactivate the active site metal iondramatically decrease the activity of the enzyme. Nature employs thissame strategy to decrease the activity of certain metalloenzymes duringperiods in which the enzymatic activity is undesirable. For example, theprotein TIMP (tissue inhibitor of metalloproteases) binds to the zincion in the active site of various matrix metalloprotease enzymes andthereby arrests the enzymatic activity. The pharmaceutical industry hasused the same strategy in the design of therapeutic agents. For example,the azole antifungal agents fluconazole and voriconazole contain a1-(1,2,4-triazole) group that binds to the heme iron present in theactive site of the target enzyme lanosterol demethylase and therebyinactivates the enzyme.

In the design of clinically safe and effective metalloenzyme inhibitors,use of the most appropriate metal-binding group for the particulartarget and clinical indication is critical. If a weakly bindingmetal-binding group is utilized, potency may be suboptimal. On the otherhand, if a very tightly binding metal-binding group is utilized,selectivity for the target enzyme versus related metalloenzymes may besuboptimal. The lack of optimal selectivity can be a cause for clinicaltoxicity due to unintended inhibition of these off-targetmetalloenzymes. One example of such clinical toxicity is the unintendedinhibition of human drug metabolizing enzymes such as CYP2C9, CYP2C19and CYP3A4 by the currently-available azole antifungal agents such asfluconazole and voriconazole. It is believed that this off-targetinhibition is caused primarily by the indiscriminate binding of thecurrently utilized 1-(1,2,4-triazole) to iron in the active site ofCYP2C9, CYP2C19 and CYP3A4. Another example of this is the joint painthat has been observed in many clinical trials of matrixmetalloproteinase inhibitors. This toxicity is considered to be relatedto inhibition of off-target metalloenzymes due to indiscriminate bindingof the hydroxamic acid group to zinc in the off-target active sites.

Therefore, the search for metal-binding groups that can achieve a betterbalance of potency and selectivity remains an important goal and wouldbe significant in the realization of therapeutic agents and methods toaddress currently unmet needs in treating and preventing diseases,disorders and symptoms thereof. Similarly, methods of synthesizing suchtherapeutic agents on the laboratory and, ultimately, commercial scaleis needed. Addition of metal-based nucleophiles (Zn, Zr, Ce, Ti, Mg, Mn,Li) to azole-methyl substituted ketones have been effected in thesynthesis of voriconazole (M. Butters, Org. Process Res. Dev. 2001, 5,28-36). The nucleophile in these examples was an ethyl-pyrimidinesubstrate. Similarly, optically active azole-methyl epoxide has beenprepared as precursor electrophile toward the synthesis of ravuconazole(A. Tsuruoka, Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1998, 46, 623-630). Despite this, thedevelopment of methodology with improved efficiency and selectivity isdesirable.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The invention is directed toward methods of synthesis of 1 or 1a. Themethods can comprise the compounds herein. A first aspect of theinvention relates to a process for preparing a compound of formula 1 or1a, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate, complex orprodrug thereof.

The compounds herein include those wherein the compound is identified asattaining affinity, at least in part, for a metalloenzyme by formationof one or more of the following types of chemical interactions or bondsto a metal: sigma bonds, covalent bonds, coordinate-covalent bonds,ionic bonds, pi bonds, delta bonds, or backbonding interactions.

Methods for assessing metal-ligand binding interactions are known in theart as exemplified in references including, for example, “Principles ofBioinorganic Chemistry” by Lippard and Berg, University Science Books,(1994); “Mechanisms of Inorganic Reactions” by Basolo and Pearson JohnWiley & Sons Inc; 2nd edition (September 1967); “Biological InorganicChemistry” by Ivano Bertini, Harry Gray, Ed Stiefel, Joan Valentine,University Science Books (2007); Xue et al. “Nature Chemical Biology”,vol. 4, no. 2, 107-109 (2008).

In the following aspects, reference is made to the schemes and compoundsherein, including the reagents and reaction conditions delineatedherein. Other aspects include any of the compounds, reagents,transformations or methods thereof delineated in the examples herein (inwhole or in part), including as embodiments with single elements (e.g.,compounds or transformations) or embodiments including multiple elements(e.g., compounds or transformations).

In one aspect, the invention provides a process to prepare morpholineamide 2b: comprising amidation of ester 2:

to provide 2b;wherein each R₁ is independently halo, —O(C═O)-alkyl,—O(C═O)-substituted alkyl, —O(C═O)-aryl, —O(C═O)-substituted aryl,—O(C═O)—O-alkyl, —O(C═O)—O-substituted alkyl, —O(C═O)—O-aryl,—O(C═O)—O-substituted aryl, —O(SO₂)-alkyl, —O(SO₂)-substituted alkyl,—O(SO₂)-aryl, or —O(SO₂)-substituted aryl.

In another aspect, the invention provides a process to prepare ketone 3:

comprising aryl substitution of morpholine amide 2b:

to provide ketone 3;

wherein each R₁ is independently halo, —O(C═O)-alkyl,—O(C═O)-substituted alkyl, —O(C═O)-aryl, —O(C═O)-substituted aryl,—O(C═O)—O-alkyl, —O(C═O)—O-substituted alkyl, —O(C═O)—O-aryl,—O(C═O)—O-substituted aryl, —O(SO₂)-alkyl, —O(SO₂)-substituted alkyl,—O(SO₂)-aryl, or —O(SO₂)-substituted aryl.

In another aspect, the invention provides a process to prepare acompound of formula II:

comprising epoxide opening of a compound of formula I:

to provide a compound of formula II;

wherein each R₂ is independently

halo, —O(C═O)-alkyl, —O(C═O)-substituted alkyl, —O(C═O)-aryl,—O(C═O)-substituted aryl, —O(C═O)—O-alkyl, —O(C═O)—O-substituted alkyl,—O(C═O)—O-aryl, —O(C═O)—O-substituted aryl, —O(SO₂)-alkyl,—O(SO₂)-substituted alkyl, —O(SO₂)-aryl, or —O(SO₂)-substituted aryl.

In another aspect, the invention provides a process to prepare aminoalcohol 1-6 or 1-7, or a mixture thereof:

comprising arylation of pyridine 4b or 4c, or a mixture thereof:

to provide compound 1-6 or 1-7, or a mixture thereof;

wherein each R₁ is independently halo, —O(C═O)-alkyl,—O(C═O)-substituted alkyl, —O(C═O)-aryl, —O(C═O)-substituted aryl,—O(C═O)—O-alkyl, —O(C═O)—O-substituted alkyl, —O(C═O)—O-aryl,—O(C═O)—O-substituted aryl, —O(SO₂)-alkyl, —O(SO₂)-substituted alkyl,—O(SO₂)-aryl, or —O(SO₂)-substituted aryl.

In one embodiment, the invention provides a process to prepare acompound of formula IV:

comprising olefination of a compound of formula III:

to provide a compound of formula IV;

wherein each R₂ is independently

halo, —O(C═O)-alkyl, —O(C═O)-substituted alkyl, —O(C═O)-aryl,—O(C═O)-substituted aryl, —O(C═O)—O-alkyl, —O(C═O)—O-substituted alkyl,—O(C═O)—O-aryl, —O(C═O)—O-substituted aryl, —O(SO₂)-alkyl,—O(SO₂)-substituted alkyl, —O(SO₂)-aryl, or —O(SO₂)-substituted aryl.

In another embodiment, the invention provides a process to prepare acompound of formula V or Va, or a mixture thereof:

comprising dihydroxylation of a compound of formula IV:

to provide a compound of formula V or Va, or a mixture thereof;

wherein each R₂ is independently

halo, —O(C═O)-alkyl, —O(C═O)-substituted alkyl, —O(C═O)-aryl,—O(C═O)-substituted aryl, —O(C═O)—O-alkyl, —O(C═O)—O-substituted alkyl,—O(C═O)—O-aryl, —O(C═O)—O-substituted aryl, —O(SO₂)-alkyl,—O(SO₂)-substituted alkyl, —O(SO₂)-aryl, or —O(SO₂)-substituted aryl.

In another embodiment, the invention provides a process to prepare acompound of formula VI or VIa, or a mixture thereof:

comprising activation of the primary alcohol of a compound of formula Vor Va, or a mixture thereof:

to a provide a compound of formula VI or VIa, or a mixture thereof;wherein each R₂ is independently

halo, —O(C═O)-alkyl, —O(C═O)-substituted alkyl, —O(C═O)-aryl,—O(C═O)-substituted aryl, —O(C═O)—O-alkyl, —O(C═O)—O-substituted alkyl,—O(C═O)—O-aryl, —O(C═O)—O-substituted aryl, —O(SO₂)-alkyl,—O(SO₂)-substituted alkyl, —O(SO₂)-aryl, or —O(SO₂)-substituted aryl;andeach Y is independently —OSO₂-alkyl, —OSO₂-substituted alkyl,—OSO₂-aryl, —OSO₂-substituted aryl, —O(C═O)-alkyl, —O(C═O)-substitutedalkyl, —O(C═O)-aryl, —O(C═O)-substituted aryl, or halogen.In another embodiment, the invention provides a process to prepare acompound of formula VII or VIIa, or a mixture thereof:

comprising ring closure of a compound of formula VI or VIa, or a mixturethereof:

to provide a compound of formula VII or VIIa, or a mixture thereof;wherein each R₂ is independently

halo, —O(C═O)-alkyl, —O(C═O)-substituted alkyl, —O(C═O)-aryl,—O(C═O)-substituted aryl, —O(C═O)—O-alkyl, —O(C═O)—O-substituted alkyl,—O(C═O)—O-aryl, —O(C═O)—O-substituted aryl, —O(SO₂)-alkyl,—O(SO₂)-substituted alkyl, —O(SO₂)-aryl, or —O(SO₂)-substituted aryl;andeach Y is independently —OSO₂-alkyl, —OSO₂-substituted alkyl,—OSO₂-aryl, —OSO₂-substituted aryl, —O(C═O)-alkyl, —O(C═O)-substitutedalkyl, —O(C═O)-aryl, —O(C═O)-substituted aryl, or halogen.

In another embodiment, Y from any embodiments presented herein ismesylate, tosylate, benzoate, acetate, chloro, or bromo.

In another embodiment, Y from any embodiments presented herein ismesylate or tosylate.

In another embodiment, the invention provides a process of enriching theenantiomeric purity of an enantiomeric compound mixture, comprising:

(i) crystallizing said enantiomeric compound mixture with a chiral acidin a suitable solvent or solvent mixture, wherein:

-   -   the suitable solvent or solvent mixture is selected from        acetonitrile, isopropanol, ethanol, water, methanol, or        combinations thereof; and    -   the enantiomeric compound mixture comprises

-   -   R₁ is halo, —O(C═O)-alkyl, —O(C═O)-substituted alkyl,        —O(C═O)-aryl, —O(C═O)-substituted aryl, —O(C═O)—O-alkyl,        —O(C═O)—O-substituted alkyl, —O(C═O)—O-aryl,        —O(C═O)—O-substituted aryl, —O(SO₂)-alkyl, —O(SO₂)-substituted        alkyl, —O(SO₂)-aryl, or —O(SO₂)-substituted aryl;

(ii) isolating the enantio-enriched chiral salt mixture;

(iii) reslurrying the enantio-enriched chiral salt mixture in aslurrying solvent or slurrying solvent mixture; and

(iv) free-basing the enantio-enriched chiral salt mixture to provide theenantio-enriched compound mixture.

In another embodiment, the invention provides a process of enriching theenantiomeric purity of an enantiomeric compound mixture, comprising:

(i) crystallizing said enantiomeric compound mixture with a chiral acidin a suitable solvent or solvent mixture, wherein:

-   -   the suitable solvent or solvent mixture is selected from        acetonitrile, isopropanol, ethanol, water, methanol, or        combinations thereof; and    -   the enantiomeric compound mixture comprises

-   -   R₁ is halo, —O(C═O)-alkyl, —O(C═O)-substituted alkyl,        —O(C═O)-aryl, —O(C═O)-substituted aryl, —O(C═O)—O-alkyl,        —O(C═O)—O-substituted alkyl, —O(C═O)—O-aryl,        —O(C═O)—O-substituted aryl, —O(SO₂)-alkyl, —O(SO₂)-substituted        alkyl, —O(SO₂)-aryl, or —O(SO₂)-substituted aryl;    -   (ii) isolating the enantio-enriched chiral salt mixture; and    -   (iii) free-basing the enantio-enriched chiral salt mixture to        provide the enantio-enriched compound mixture.

In another aspect, the chiral acid from any embodiment presented hereinis selected from the group consisting of tartaric acid,di-benzoyltartaric acid, malic acid, camphoric acid, camphorsulfonicacid, ascorbic acid, and di-p-toluoyltartaric acid;

In another aspect, the suitable solvent or solvent mixture from anyembodiments presented herein is 1-propanol, 1-butanol, ethyl acetate,tetrahydrofuran, 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, toluene, methyltert-butylether, diethyl ether, dichloromethane, 1,4-dioxane,1,2-dimethoxyethane, isopropyl acetate, heptane, hexane, cyclohexane, oroctane, or combinations thereof.

In another aspect, the slurrying solvent or slurrying solvent mixturefrom any embodiments presented herein is 1-propanol, 1-butanol, ethylacetate, tetrahydrofuran, 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, toluene, methyltert-butylether, diethyl ether, dichloromethane, 1,4-dioxane,1,2-dimethoxyethane, isopropyl acetate, heptane, hexane, cyclohexane, oroctane, or combinations thereof.

In another aspect, the suitable solvent or solvent mixture from anyembodiments presented herein is a) acetonitrile or b) a mixture ofacetonitrile and methanol. Alternatively, another aspect is where themixture of acetonitrile and methanol comprises 80-90% acetonitrile and10-20% methanol.

In another aspect, the slurrying solvent or slurrying solvent mixturefrom any embodiments presented herein is a) acetonitrile or b) a mixtureof acetonitrile and methanol. Alternatively, another aspect is where themixture of acetonitrile and methanol comprises 80-90% acetonitrile and10-20% methanol.

In another aspect, the invention provides a process comprising reactingmorpholine amide 2b:

wherein M is Mg or MgX; and X is halogen;

-   -   R₁ is halo, —O(C═O)-alkyl, —O(C═O)-substituted alkyl,        —O(C═O)-aryl, —O(C═O)-substituted aryl, —O(C═O)—O-alkyl,        —O(C═O)—O-substituted alkyl, —O(C═O)—O-aryl,        —O(C═O)—O-substituted aryl, —O(SO₂)-alkyl, —O(SO₂)-substituted        alkyl, —O(SO₂)-aryl, or —O(SO₂)-substituted aryl;        to provide compound 1 or 1a, or a mixture thereof:

In another aspect, the invention provides a process comprising reactingmorpholine amide 2b:

wherein M is Mg or MgX, AlX₂; and X is halogen, alkyl or aryl;

-   -   R₁ is halo, —O(C═O)-alkyl, —O(C═O)-substituted alkyl,        —O(C═O)-aryl, —O(C═O)-substituted aryl, —O(C═O)—O-alkyl,        —O(C═O)—O-substituted alkyl, —O(C═O)—O-aryl,        —O(C═O)—O-substituted aryl, —O(SO₂)-alkyl, —O(SO₂)-substituted        alkyl, —O(SO₂)-aryl, or —O(SO₂)-substituted aryl;        to provide compound 1 or 1a, or a mixture thereof:

In another aspect, any of the embodiments presented herein may compriseamidation of ester 2:

to provide morpholine amide 2b:

wherein each R₁ is independently halo, —O(C═O)-alkyl,—O(C═O)-substituted alkyl, —O(C═O)-aryl, —O(C═O)-substituted aryl,—O(C═O)—O-alkyl, —O(C═O)—O-substituted alkyl, —O(C═O)—O-aryl,—O(C═O)—O-substituted aryl, —O(SO₂)-alkyl, —O(SO₂)-substituted alkyl,—O(SO₂)-aryl, or —O(SO₂)-substituted aryl.

In another aspect, any of the embodiments presented herein may comprisereacting ester 2:

with morpholine to provide morpholine amide 2b:

wherein each R₁ is independently halo, —O(C═O)-alkyl,—O(C═O)-substituted alkyl, —O(C═O)-aryl, —O(C═O)-substituted aryl,—O(C═O)—O-alkyl, —O(C═O)—O-substituted alkyl, —O(C═O)—O-aryl,—O(C═O)—O-substituted aryl, —O(SO₂)-alkyl, —O(SO₂)-substituted alkyl,—O(SO₂)-aryl, or —O(SO₂)-substituted aryl.

In another aspect, the invention provides a process to prepare compound1 or 1a, or a mixture thereof:

comprising converting a compound of formula V or Va, or a mixturethereof:

to compound 1 or 1a, or a mixture thereof;

wherein each R₂ is independently

halo, —O(C═O)-alkyl, —O(C═O)-substituted alkyl, —O(C═O)-aryl,—O(C═O)-substituted aryl, —O(C═O)—O-alkyl, —O(C═O)—O-substituted alkyl,—O(C═O)—O-aryl, —O(C═O)—O-substituted aryl, —O(SO₂)-alkyl,—O(SO₂)-substituted alkyl, —O(SO₂)-aryl, or —O(SO₂)-substituted aryl.In another aspect, the invention provides a process to prepare compound1 or 1a, or a mixture thereof:

comprising converting a compound of formula 3:

to compound 1 or 1a;wherein R₁ is halo, —O(C═O)-alkyl, —O(C═O)-substituted alkyl,—O(C═O)-aryl, —O(C═O)-substituted aryl, —O(C═O)—O-alkyl,—O(C═O)—O-substituted alkyl, —O(C═O)—O-aryl, —O(C═O)—O-substituted aryl,—O(SO₂)-alkyl, —O(SO₂)-substituted alkyl, —O(SO₂)-aryl, or—O(SO₂)-substituted aryl.

In another aspect, any of the embodiments presented herein may comprisereacting a compound of formula IV:

under asymmetric dihydroxylation conditions to provide a compound offormula V or Va, or a mixture thereof:

wherein the asymmetric dihydroxylation conditions comprise:

(i) AD-mix alpha or AD-mix beta; or

(ii) a first oxidant in catalytic amount, a second oxidant instoichiometric amount, a base, and a chiral ligand; and

wherein each R₂ is independently

halo, —O(C═O)-alkyl, —O(C═O)-substituted alkyl, —O(C═O)-aryl,—O(C═O)-substituted aryl, —O(C═O)—O-alkyl, —O(C═O)—O-substituted alkyl,—O(C═O)—O-aryl, —O(C═O)—O-substituted aryl, —O(SO₂)-alkyl,—O(SO₂)-substituted alkyl, —O(SO₂)-aryl, or —O(SO₂)-substituted aryl.

In another aspect, any of the embodiments presented herein may comprisea process, wherein:

(i) the first oxidant in catalytic amount is OsO₄ or K₂OsO₂(OH)₄;

(ii) the second oxidant in stoichiometric amount is K₃Fe(CN)₆ orN-methylmorpholine-N-oxide;

(iii) the base is NaHCO₃, Na₂CO₃, Cs₂CO₃, or K₂CO₃; and

(iv) the chiral ligand is selected from the group consisting of(DHQ)₂PHAL, (DHQD)₂PHAL, (DHQD)₂AQN, (DHQ)₂AQN, (DHQD)₂PYR, and(DHQ)₂PYR.

In another aspect, any of the embodiments presented herein may comprisea process, wherein the chiral ligand is selected from the groupconsisting of (DHQ)₂PHAL, (DHQD)₂PHAL, (DHQD)₂AQN, and (DHQD)₂PYR.

In another aspect, any of the embodiments presented herein may comprisethe addition of MeSO₂NH₂.

In another aspect, any of the embodiments presented herein may comprisea process comprising converting a compound of formula VI or VIa, or amixture thereof:

to a compound of formula VII or VIIa, or a mixture thereof:

wherein each Y is independently —OSO₂-alkyl, —OSO₂-substituted alkyl,—OSO₂-aryl, —OSO₂-substituted aryl, —O(C═O)-alkyl, —O(C═O)-substitutedalkyl, —O(C═O)-aryl, —O(C═O)-substituted aryl, or halogen; and

wherein each R₂ is independently

halo, —O(C═O)-alkyl, —O(C═O)-substituted alkyl, —O(C═O)-aryl,—O(C═O)-substituted aryl, —O(C═O)—O-alkyl, —O(C═O)—O-substituted alkyl,—O(C═O)—O-aryl, —O(C═O)—O-substituted aryl, —O(SO₂)-alkyl,—O(SO₂)-substituted alkyl, —O(SO₂)-aryl, or —O(SO₂)-substituted aryl.

In another aspect, any of the embodiments presented herein may comprisea process comprising:

(i) activating the primary alcohol of 2-6a or 2-6c,

or a mixture thereof, to provide a compound of formula 2-7a or 2-7c,

or a mixture thereof;

-   -   wherein each Y is independently —OSO₂-alkyl, —OSO₂-substituted        alkyl, —OSO₂-aryl, —OSO₂-substituted aryl, —O(C═O)-alkyl,        —O(C═O)-substituted alkyl, —O(C═O)-aryl, —O(C═O)-substituted        aryl, or halogen;

(ii) ring-closing of a compound of 2-7a or 2-7c, or

or a mixture thereof, to provide epoxide 5* or 5b*,

or a mixture thereof;

(iii) ring-opening epoxide 5* or 5b*,

or a mixture thereof, to provide amino-alcohol 1-6* or 1-7*,

or a mixture thereof; and

(iv) forming the tetrazole of amino-alcohol 1-6* or 1-7*,

or a mixture thereof,to provide compound 1 or 1a,

or a mixture thereof.

In another aspect, Y in any of the embodiments presented herein may bemesylate or tosylate.

In another aspect, any of the embodiments presented herein may comprisea process comprising:

(i) activating the primary alcohol 2-6b or 2-6d,

or a mixture thereof, to provide a compound of formula 2-7b or 2-7d,

or a mixture thereof;

(ii) ring-closing a compound of 2-7b or 2-7d,

or a mixture thereof, to provide epoxide 4*or 4c*,

or a mixture thereof;

(iii) ring-opening epoxide 4*or 4c*,

or a mixture thereof, to provide amino-alcohol 4b or 4c,

or a mixture thereof;

(iv) arylating amino-alcohol 4b or 4c,

or a mixture thereof, to provide aryl-pyridine 1-6* or 1-7*,

or a mixture thereof; and

(v) forming the tetrazole of amino-alcohol 1-6* or 1-7*,

or a mixture thereof, to provide compound 1 or 1a,

or a mixture thereof;

-   -   wherein each Y is independently —OSO₂-alkyl, —OSO₂-substituted        alkyl, —OSO₂-aryl, —OSO₂-substituted aryl, —O(C═O)-alkyl,        —O(C═O)-substituted alkyl, —O(C═O)-aryl, —O(C═O)-substituted        aryl, or halogen; and    -   each R₁ is independently halo, —O(C═O)-alkyl,        —O(C═O)-substituted alkyl, —O(C═O)-aryl, —O(C═O)-substituted        aryl, —O(C═O)—O-alkyl, —O(C═O)—O-substituted alkyl,        —O(C═O)—O-aryl, —O(C═O)—O-substituted aryl, —O(SO₂)-alkyl,        —O(SO₂)-substituted alkyl, —O(SO₂)-aryl, or —O(SO₂)-substituted        aryl.

In another aspect, the invention provides a compound of formula IV:

wherein R₂ is

halo, —O(C═O)-alkyl, —O(C═O)-substituted alkyl, —O(C═O)-aryl,—O(C═O)-substituted aryl, —O(C═O)—O-alkyl, —O(C═O)—O-substituted alkyl,—O(C═O)—O-aryl, —O(C═O)—O-substituted aryl, —O(SO₂)-alkyl,—O(SO₂)-substituted alkyl, —O(SO₂)-aryl, or —O(SO₂)-substituted aryl.In another aspect, the invention provides compound of formula VI* orVIa*, or a mixture thereof:

wherein each R₂ is independently

halo, —O(C═O)-alkyl, —O(C═O)-substituted alkyl, —O(C═O)-aryl,—O(C═O)-substituted aryl, —O(C═O)—O-alkyl, —O(C═O)—O-substituted alkyl,—O(C═O)—O-aryl, —O(C═O)—O-substituted aryl, —O(SO₂)-alkyl,—O(SO₂)-substituted alkyl, —O(SO₂)-aryl, or —O(SO₂)-substituted aryl;

each Y₁ is independently OH, —OSO₂-alkyl, —OSO₂-substituted alkyl,—OSO₂-aryl, —OSO₂-substituted aryl, —O(C═O)-alkyl, —O(C═O)-substitutedalkyl, —O(C═O)-aryl, —O(C═O)-substituted aryl, or halogen; and

each R₁₂ is independently H, optionally substituted alkyl, optionallysubstituted alkenyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substitutedheteroaryl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, or optionally substitutedheterocyclyl.

In another aspect, any of the embodiments presented herein may compriserepeating the enantio-enrichment step(s) until desired level ofenantio-enrichment is attained.

In another aspect, the invention provides a process to prepare acompound of formula IX or IXa, or a mixture thereof, comprising:

-   -   (i) combining compound 1 or 1a,

or a mixture thereof, a sulfonic acid

and a crystallization solvent or crystallization solvent mixture;

-   -   (ii) diluting the mixture from step (i) with a crystallization        co-solvent or crystallization co-solvent mixture; and    -   (iii)isolating a compound of formula IX or IXa,

or a mixture thereof;

wherein each Z is independently aryl, substituted aryl, alkyl, orsubstituted alkyl.

In another aspect, Z from any of the embodiments presented herein isphenyl, p-tolyl, methyl, or ethyl.

In another aspect, the crystallization solvent or crystallizationsolvent mixture from any of the embodiments presented herein is ethylacetate, isopropyl acetate, ethanol, methanol, or acetonitrile, orcombinations thereof.

In another aspect, the crystallization co-solvent or crystallizationco-solvent mixture from any of the embodiments presented herein ispentane, methyl t-butylether, hexane, heptane, or toluene, orcombinations thereof.

In another aspect, any of the embodiments presented herein may comprisea process comprising:

-   -   (i) combining compound 1 or 1a,

or a mixture thereof, a sulfonic acid

and a crystallization solvent or crystallization solvent mixture;

-   -   (ii) diluting the mixture from step (i) with a crystallization        co-solvent or crystallization co-solvent mixture; and    -   (iii)isolating a compound of formula IX or IXa, or a mixture        thereof;

wherein Z is aryl, substituted aryl, alkyl, or substituted alkyl.

In another aspect, any of the embodiments presented herein may comprise:

-   -   (i) combining compound 13 or 13a,

a mixture thereof, a sulfonic acid

and a crystallization solvent or crystallization solvent mixture;

-   -   (ii) diluting the mixture from step (i) with a crystallization        co-solvent or crystallization co-solvent mixture; and    -   (iii)isolating a compound of formula X or Xa,

or a mixture thereof;

wherein Z is aryl, substituted aryl, alkyl, or substituted alkyl;

each n is independently 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5;

each o is independently 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5;

each R₄ is independently H or halo;

each R₅ is independently H or fluoro; and

each R₆ is independently H or fluoro.

In another aspect, the invention provides a compound of formula XI:

wherein o is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5;

each R₄ is independently H or halo;

R₅ is H or fluoro;

R₆ is H or fluoro;

R₁₁ is halo, —O(C═O)-alkyl, —O(C═O)-substituted alkyl, —O(C═O)-aryl,—O(C═O)-substituted aryl, —O(C═O)—O-alkyl, —O(C═O)—O-substituted alkyl,—O(C═O)—O-aryl, —O(C═O)—O-substituted aryl, —O(SO₂)-alkyl,—O(SO₂)-substituted alkyl, —O(SO₂)-aryl, —O(SO₂)-substituted aryl, orphenyl optionally substituted with 1) alkyl or substituted alkyl, 2)aryl or substituted aryl, 3) heteroaryl or substituted heteroaryl, 4)haloalkyl, 5) alkoxy or substituted alkoxy, 6) aryloxy or substitutedaryloxy, or 7) haloalkoxy; and

each R₁₂ is independently H, optionally substituted alkyl, optionallysubstituted alkenyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substitutedheteroaryl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, or optionally substitutedhetrocyclyl.

In another aspect, the invention provides a process for preparingmorpholine 7:

comprising amidation of ester 6:

to provide 7;wherein each R₁ is independently halo, —O(C═O)-alkyl,—O(C═O)-substituted alkyl, —O(C═O)-aryl, —O(C═O)-substituted aryl,—O(C═O)—O-alkyl, —O(C═O)—O-substituted alkyl, —O(C═O)—O-aryl,—O(C═O)—O-substituted aryl, —O(SO₂)-alkyl, —O(SO₂)-substituted alkyl,—O(SO₂)-aryl, or —O(SO₂)-substituted aryl;

each R₅ is independently H or fluoro; and

each R₆ is independently H or fluoro.

In another aspect, the invention provides a process for preparing ketone8:

comprising aryl substitution of morpholine amide 7:

to provide ketone 8;wherein each R₁ is independently halo, —O(C═O)-alkyl,—O(C═O)-substituted alkyl, —O(C═O)-aryl, —O(C═O)-substituted aryl,—O(C═O)—O-alkyl, —O(C═O)—O-substituted alkyl, —O(C═O)—O-aryl,—O(C═O)—O-substituted aryl, —O(SO₂)-alkyl, —O(SO₂)-substituted alkyl,—O(SO₂)-aryl, or —O(SO₂)-substituted aryl;

each o is independently 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5;

each R₄ is independently H or halo;

each R₅ is independently H or fluoro; and

each R₆ is independently H or fluoro.

In another aspect, the invention provides a process for preparing acompound of formula XII:

comprising epoxide opening of a compound of formula I:

to provide a compound of formula XIII;

wherein each o is independently 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5;

each R₃ is independently H, alkyl, substituted alkyl, aryl, substitutedaryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, substitutedalkoxy, aryloxy, substituted aryloxy, and haloalkoxy;

each R₄ is independently H or halo;

each R₅ is independently H or fluoro;

each R₆ is independently H or fluoro;

R₇ is N₃, NHR₈, or NR₈R₉;

each R₈ and R₉ are each independently H, alkyl, substituted alkyl, aryl,substituted aryl, heteroaryl, or substituted heteroaryl; and

each R₁₀ is independently

halo, —O(C═O)-alkyl, —O(C═O)-substituted alkyl, —O(C═O)-aryl,—O(C═O)-substituted aryl, —O(C═O)—O-alkyl, —O(C═O)—O-substituted alkyl,—O(C═O)—O-aryl, —O(C═O)—O-substituted aryl, —O(SO₂)-alkyl,—O(SO₂)-substituted alkyl, —O(SO₂)-aryl, or —O(SO₂)-substituted aryl.

In another aspect, the invention provides a process for preparing aminoalcohol 20 or 20a, or a mixture thereof:

comprising arylation of pyridine 11 or 11a, or a mixture thereof:

to provide compound 20 or 20a, or a mixture thereof;wherein each n is independently 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5;

each o is independently 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5;

each R₁ is independently halo, —O(C═O)-alkyl, —O(C═O)-substituted alkyl,—O(C═O)-aryl, —O(C═O)-substituted aryl, —O(C═O)—O-alkyl,—O(C═O)—O-substituted alkyl, —O(C═O)—O-aryl, —O(C═O)—O-substituted aryl,—O(SO₂)-alkyl, —O(SO₂)-substituted alkyl, —O(SO₂)-aryl, or—O(SO₂)-substituted aryl;

each R₃ is independently H, alkyl, substituted alkyl, aryl, substitutedaryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, substitutedalkoxy, aryloxy, substituted aryloxy, and haloalkoxy;

each R₄ is independently H or halo;

each R₅ is independently H or fluoro;

each R₆ is independently H or fluoro;

each R₇ is independently N₃, NHR₈, or NR₈R₉; and

each R₈ and R₉ are each independently H, alkyl, substituted alkyl, aryl,substituted aryl, heteroaryl, or substituted heteroaryl.

In another aspect, the invention provides a process for preparingcompound 1 or 1a, or a mixture thereof:

comprising converting morpholine amide 7:

to compound 1 or 1a, or a mixture thereof;

-   -   wherein R₁ is halo, —O(C═O)-alkyl, —O(C═O)-substituted alkyl,        —O(C═O)-aryl, —O(C═O)-substituted aryl, —O(C═O)—O-alkyl,        —O(C═O)—O-substituted alkyl, —O(C═O)—O-aryl,        —O(C═O)—O-substituted aryl, —O(SO₂)-alkyl, —O(SO₂)-substituted        alkyl, —O(SO₂)-aryl, or —O(SO₂)-substituted aryl;

each R₅ is independently H or fluoro; and

each R₆ is independently H or fluoro.

In another aspect, the invention provides a process comprising amidationof ester 6:

to provide morpholine amide 7:

wherein each R₁ is independently halo, —O(C═O)-alkyl,—O(C═O)-substituted alkyl, —O(C═O)-aryl, —O(C═O)-substituted aryl,—O(C═O)—O-alkyl, —O(C═O)—O-substituted alkyl, —O(C═O)—O-aryl,—O(C═O)—O-substituted aryl, —O(SO₂)-alkyl, —O(SO₂)-substituted alkyl,—O(SO₂)-aryl, or —O(SO₂)-substituted aryl;

each R₅ is independently H or fluoro; and

each R₆ is independently H or fluoro.

In another aspect, the invention provides a process comprising reactingester 6:

with morpholine to provide morpholine amide 7:

wherein each R₁ is independently halo, —O(C═O)-alkyl,—O(C═O)-substituted alkyl, —O(C═O)-aryl, —O(C═O)-substituted aryl,—O(C═O)—O-alkyl, —O(C═O)—O-substituted alkyl, —O(C═O)—O-aryl,—O(C═O)—O-substituted aryl, —O(SO₂)-alkyl, —O(SO₂)-substituted alkyl,—O(SO₂)-aryl, or —O(SO₂)-substituted aryl;

each R₅ is independently H or fluoro; and

each R₆ is independently H or fluoro.

In another aspect, the invention provides a process to prepare compound1 or 1a, or a mixture thereof:

comprising converting a compound of formula XVII or XVIIa, or a mixturethereof:

to compound 1 or 1a, or a mixture thereof;wherein o is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5;

each R₄ is independently H or halo;

each R₅ is independently H or fluoro;

each R₆ is independently H or fluoro;

each R₁₁ is independently halo, —O(C═O)-alkyl, —O(C═O)-substitutedalkyl, —O(C═O)-aryl, —O(C═O)-substituted aryl, —O(C═O)—O-alkyl,—O(C═O)—O-substituted alkyl, —O(C═O)—O-aryl, —O(C═O)—O-substituted aryl,—O(SO₂)-alkyl, —O(SO₂)-substituted alkyl, —O(SO₂)-aryl,—O(SO₂)-substituted aryl, or phenyl optionally substituted with 1) alkylor substituted alkyl, 2) aryl or substituted aryl, 3) heteroaryl orsubstituted heteroaryl, 4) haloalkyl, 5) alkoxy or substituted alkoxy,6) aryloxy or substituted aryloxy, or 7) haloalkoxy; and

each R₁₂ is independently H, optionally substituted alkyl, optionallysubstituted alkenyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substitutedheteroaryl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, or optionally substitutedhetrocyclyl.

In another aspect, the invention provides a process comprising reactinga compound of formula XI:

under asymmetric dihydroxylation conditions to provide a compound offormula XVII or XVIIa, or a mixture thereof:

wherein the asymmetric dihydroxylation conditions comprise:

(i) AD-mix alpha or AD-mix beta; or

(ii) a first oxidant in catalytic amount, a second oxidant instoichiometric amount, a base, and a chiral ligand; and

o is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5;

each R₄ is independently H or halo;

each R₅ is independently H or fluoro;

each R₆ is independently H or fluoro;

each R₁₁ is independently halo, —O(C═O)-alkyl, —O(C═O)-substitutedalkyl, —O(C═O)-aryl, —O(C═O)-substituted aryl, —O(C═O)—O-alkyl,—O(C═O)—O-substituted alkyl, —O(C═O)—O-aryl, —O(C═O)—O-substituted aryl,—O(SO₂)-alkyl, —O(SO₂)-substituted alkyl, —O(SO₂)-aryl,—O(SO₂)-substituted aryl, or phenyl optionally substituted with 1) alkylor substituted alkyl, 2) aryl or substituted aryl, 3) heteroaryl orsubstituted heteroaryl, 4) haloalkyl, 5) alkoxy or substituted alkoxy,6) aryloxy or substituted aryloxy, or 7) haloalkoxy; and

each R₁₂ is independently H, optionally substituted alkyl, optionallysubstituted alkenyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substitutedheteroaryl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, or optionally substitutedhetrocyclyl.

In another aspect, the invention provides a process comprisingconverting a compound of formula XVII or XVIIa, or a mixture thereof:

to a compound of formula XIX or XIXa, or a mixture thereof:

wherein each Y is independently —OSO₂-alkyl, —OSO₂-substituted alkyl,—OSO₂-aryl, —OSO₂-substituted aryl, —O(C═O)-alkyl, —O(C═O)-substitutedalkyl, —O(C═O)-aryl, —O(C═O)-substituted aryl, or halogen;

each o is independently 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5;

each R₄ is independently H or halo;

each R₅ is independently H or fluoro;

each R₆ is independently H or fluoro;

each R₁₁ is independently halo, —O(C═O)-alkyl, —O(C═O)-substitutedalkyl, —O(C═O)-aryl, —O(C═O)-substituted aryl, —O(C═O)—O-alkyl,—O(C═O)—O-substituted alkyl, —O(C═O)—O-aryl, —O(C═O)—O-substituted aryl,—O(SO₂)-alkyl, —O(SO₂)-substituted alkyl, —O(SO₂)-aryl,—O(SO₂)-substituted aryl, or phenyl optionally substituted with 1) alkylor substituted alkyl, 2) aryl or substituted aryl, 3) heteroaryl orsubstituted heteroaryl, 4) haloalkyl, 5) alkoxy or substituted alkoxy,6) aryloxy or substituted aryloxy, or 7) haloalkoxy; and

each R₁₂ is independently H, optionally substituted alkyl, optionallysubstituted alkenyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substitutedheteroaryl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, or optionally substitutedhetrocyclyl.

In another aspect, the invention provides a process comprising:

(i) activating the primary alcohol of XX or XXa,

or a mixture thereof, to provide a compound of formula XXI or XXIa,

or a mixture thereof;

(ii) ring-closing of a compound of XXI or XXIa,

or a mixture thereof, to provide epoxide XXII or XXIIa,

or a mixture thereof;

(iii) ring-opening epoxide XXII or XXIIa,

or a mixture thereof, to provide aryl-pyridine 12 or 12a,

or a mixture thereof; and

(iv) forming the tetrazole of amino-alcohol aryl-pyridine 12 or 12a,

or a mixture thereof,to provide compound 1 or 1a,

or a mixture thereof;

wherein each Y is independently —OSO₂-alkyl, —OSO₂-substituted alkyl,—OSO₂-aryl, —OSO₂-substituted aryl, —O(C═O)-alkyl, —O(C═O)-substitutedalkyl, —O(C═O)-aryl, —O(C═O)-substituted aryl, or halogen (preferablymesylate or tosylate);

each n is independently 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5;

each o is independently 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5;

each R₃ is independently H, alkyl, substituted alkyl, aryl, substitutedaryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, substitutedalkoxy, aryloxy, substituted aryloxy, and haloalkoxy;

each R₄ is independently H or halo;

each R₅ is independently H or fluoro;

each R₆ is independently H or fluoro;

each R₇ is independently N₃, NHR₈, or NR₈R₉;

each R₈ and R₉ are each independently H, alkyl, substituted alkyl, aryl,substituted aryl, heteroaryl, or substituted heteroaryl; and

each R₁₂ is independently H, optionally substituted alkyl, optionallysubstituted alkenyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substitutedheteroaryl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, or optionally substitutedhetrocyclyl.

In another aspect, the invention provides a process comprising:

(i) activating the primary alcohol of XVII or XVIIa,

or a mixture thereof, to provide a compound of formula XIX or XIXa,

or a mixture thereof;

(ii) ring-closing a compound of XIX or XIXa,

or a mixture thereof, to provide epoxide XXII or XXIIa,

or a mixture thereof;

(iii) ring-opening epoxide XXII or XXIIa,

or a mixture thereof, to provide alcohol XXIII or XXIIIa,

or a mixture thereof;

(iv) arylating alcohol XXIII or XXIIIa,

or a mixture thereof, to provide aryl-pyridine 12 or 12a,

or a mixture thereof; and

(v) forming the tetrazole of aryl-pyridine 12 or 12a,

or a mixture thereof, to provide compound 1 or 1a,

or a mixture thereof;

wherein each Y is independently —OSO₂-alkyl, —OSO₂-substituted alkyl,—OSO₂-aryl, —OSO₂-substituted aryl, —O(C═O)-alkyl, —O(C═O)-substitutedalkyl, —O(C═O)-aryl, —O(C═O)-substituted aryl, or halogen (preferablymesylate or tosylate);

each n is independently 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5;

each o is independently 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5;

each R₃ is independently H, alkyl, substituted alkyl, aryl, substitutedaryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, substitutedalkoxy, aryloxy, substituted aryloxy, and haloalkoxy;

each R₄ is independently H or halo;

each R₅ is independently H or fluoro;

each R₆ is independently H or fluoro;

each R₇ is independently N₃, NHR₈, or NR₈R₉;

each R₈ and R₉ are each independently H, alkyl, substituted alkyl, aryl,substituted aryl, heteroaryl, or substituted heteroaryl;

each R₁₁ is independently halo, —O(C═O)-alkyl, —O(C═O)-substitutedalkyl, —O(C═O)-aryl, —O(C═O)-substituted aryl, —O(C═O)—O-alkyl,—O(C═O)—O-substituted alkyl, —O(C═O)—O-aryl, —O(C═O)—O-substituted aryl,—O(SO₂)-alkyl, —O(SO₂)-substituted alkyl, —O(SO₂)-aryl,—O(SO₂)-substituted aryl, or phenyl optionally substituted with 1) alkylor substituted alkyl, 2) aryl or substituted aryl, 3) heteroaryl orsubstituted heteroaryl, 4) haloalkyl, 5) alkoxy or substituted alkoxy,6) aryloxy or substituted aryloxy, or 7) haloalkoxy; and

each R₁₂ is independently H, optionally substituted alkyl, optionallysubstituted alkenyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substitutedheteroaryl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, or optionally substitutedhetrocyclyl.

In another aspect, the invention provides a process to prepare acompound of formula XXII or XXIIa,

or a mixture thereof, the method comprising converting a compound offormula XI,

to a compound of formula XXII or XXIIa:

wherein each o is independently 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5;

each R₄ is independently H or halo;

each R₅ is independently H or fluoro;

each R₆ is independently H or fluoro;

each R₁₁ is independently halo, —O(C═O)-alkyl, —O(C═O)-substitutedalkyl, —O(C═O)-aryl, —O(C═O)-substituted aryl, —O(C═O)—O-alkyl,—O(C═O)—O-substituted alkyl, —O(C═O)—O-aryl, —O(C═O)—O-substituted aryl,—O(SO₂)-alkyl, —O(SO₂)-substituted alkyl, —O(SO₂)-aryl,—O(SO₂)-substituted aryl, or phenyl optionally substituted with 1) alkylor substituted alkyl, 2) aryl or substituted aryl, 3) heteroaryl orsubstituted heteroaryl, 4) haloalkyl, 5) alkoxy or substituted alkoxy,6) aryloxy or substituted aryloxy, or 7) haloalkoxy; and

each R₁₂ is independently H, optionally substituted alkyl, optionallysubstituted alkenyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substitutedheteroaryl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, or optionally substitutedhetrocyclyl.

In another aspect, any of the embodiments presented herein may comprisereacting a compound of formula XI:

under asymmetric dihydroxylation conditions to provide a compound offormula XVII or XVIIa, or a mixture thereof:

wherein the asymmetric dihydroxylation conditions comprise:

(i) AD-mix alpha or AD-mix beta; or

(ii) a first oxidant in catalytic amount, a second oxidant instoichiometric amount, a base, and a chiral ligand; and

each o is independently 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5;

each R₄ is independently H or halo;

each R₅ is independently H or fluoro;

each R₆ is independently H or fluoro; and

each R₁₁ is independently halo, —O(C═O)-alkyl, —O(C═O)-substitutedalkyl, —O(C═O)-aryl, —O(C═O)-substituted aryl, —O(C═O)—O-alkyl,—O(C═O)—O-substituted alkyl, —O(C═O)—O-aryl, —O(C═O)—O-substituted aryl,—O(SO₂)-alkyl, —O(SO₂)-substituted alkyl, —O(SO₂)-aryl,—O(SO₂)-substituted aryl, or phenyl optionally substituted with 1) alkylor substituted alkyl, 2) aryl or substituted aryl, 3) heteroaryl orsubstituted heteroaryl, 4) haloalkyl, 5) alkoxy or substituted alkoxy,6) aryloxy or substituted aryloxy, or 7) haloalkoxy; and

each R₁₂ is independently H, optionally substituted alkyl, optionallysubstituted alkenyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substitutedheteroaryl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, or optionally substitutedhetrocyclyl.

In another aspect, any of the embodiments presented herein may compriseconverting a compound of formula XVII or XVIIa, or a mixture thereof:

to provide a compound of formula XXII or XXIIa,

or a mixture thereof;

wherein each Y is independently —OSO₂-alkyl, —OSO₂-substituted alkyl,—OSO₂-aryl, —OSO₂-substituted aryl, —O(C═O)-alkyl, —O(C═O)-substitutedalkyl, —O(C═O)-aryl, —O(C═O)-substituted aryl, or halogen;

each o is independently 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5;

each R₄ is independently H or halo;

each R₅ is independently H or fluoro;

each R₆ is independently H or fluoro; and

each R₁₁ is independently halo, —O(C═O)-alkyl, —O(C═O)-substitutedalkyl, —O(C═O)-aryl, —O(C═O)-substituted aryl, —O(C═O)—O-alkyl,—O(C═O)—O-substituted alkyl, —O(C═O)—O-aryl, —O(C═O)—O-substituted aryl,—O(SO₂)-alkyl, —O(SO₂)-substituted alkyl, —O(SO₂)-aryl,—O(SO₂)-substituted aryl, or phenyl optionally substituted with 1) alkylor substituted alkyl, 2) aryl or substituted aryl, 3) heteroaryl orsubstituted heteroaryl, 4) haloalkyl, 5) alkoxy or substituted alkoxy,6) aryloxy or substituted aryloxy, or 7) haloalkoxy; and

each R₁₂ is independently H, optionally substituted alkyl, optionallysubstituted alkenyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substitutedheteroaryl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, or optionally substitutedhetrocyclyl.

In another aspect, any of the embodiments presented herein may furthercomprise:

(i) arylating olefin XI,

to provide aryl-pyridine XXV,

(ii) dihydroxylating aryl-pyridine XXV,

to provide a compound of formula XX or XXa,

or a mixture thereof;

(iii) activating the primary alcohol of XX or XXa,

or a mixture thereof, to provide a compound of formula XXI or XXIa,

or a mixture thereof;

(iv) ring-closing of a compound of XXI or XXIa,

or a mixture thereof, to provide epoxide XX or XXIIa,

or a mixture thereof;

wherein each Y is independently —OSO₂-alkyl, —OSO₂-substituted alkyl,—OSO₂-aryl, —OSO₂-substituted aryl, —O(C═O)O)—O-alkyl,—O(C═O)O)—O-substituted alkyl, —O(C═O)-aryl, —O(C═O)-substituted aryl,or halogen;

each n is independently 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5;

each o is independently 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5;

each R₃ is independently H, alkyl, substituted alkyl, aryl, substitutedaryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, substitutedalkoxy, aryloxy, substituted aryloxy, and haloalkoxy;

each R₄ is independently H or halo;

each R₅ is independently H or fluoro;

each R₆ is independently H or fluoro;

each R₁₁ is independently halo, —O(C═O)-alkyl, —O(C═O)-substitutedalkyl, —O(C═O)-aryl, —O(C═O)-substituted aryl, —O(C═O)—O-alkyl,—O(C═O)—O-substituted alkyl, —O(C═O)—O-aryl, —O(C═O)—O-substituted aryl,—O(SO₂)-alkyl, —O(SO₂)-substituted alkyl, —O(SO₂)-aryl,—O(SO₂)-substituted aryl, or phenyl optionally substituted with 1) alkylor substituted alkyl, 2) aryl or substituted aryl, 3) heteroaryl orsubstituted heteroaryl, 4) haloalkyl, 5) alkoxy or substituted alkoxy,6) aryloxy or substituted aryloxy, or 7) haloalkoxy; and

each R₁₂ is independently H, optionally substituted alkyl, optionallysubstituted alkenyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substitutedheteroaryl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, or optionally substitutedhetrocyclyl.

In another aspect, any of the embodiments presented herein may furthercomprise:

(i) dihydroxylating a compound of formula XI,

to provide a compound of formula XVII or XVIIa

or a mixture thereof;

(ii) arylating a compound of formula XVII or XVIIa,

or a mixture thereof, to afford a compound of formula XX or XXa,

or a mixture thereof;

(iii) activating the primary alcohol of XX or XXa,

or a mixture thereof, to provide a compound of formula XXI or XXIa,

or a mixture thereof;

(iv) ring-closing of a compound of XXI or XXIa,

or a mixture thereof, to provide epoxide XXII or XXIIa,

or a mixture thereof;

wherein each Y is independently —OSO₂-alkyl, —OSO₂-substituted alkyl,—OSO₂-aryl, —OSO₂-substituted aryl, —O(C═O)-alkyl, —O(C═O)-substitutedalkyl, —O(C═O)-aryl, —O(C═O)-substituted aryl, or halogen;

each n is independently 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5;

each o is independently 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5;

each R₃ is independently H, alkyl, substituted alkyl, aryl, substitutedaryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, substitutedalkoxy, aryloxy, substituted aryloxy, and haloalkoxy;

each R₄ is independently H or halo;

each R₅ is independently H or fluoro;

each R₆ is independently H or fluoro;

each R₁₁ is independently halo, —O(C═O)-alkyl, —O(C═O)-substitutedalkyl, —O(C═O)-aryl, —O(C═O)-substituted aryl, —O(C═O)—O-alkyl,—O(C═O)—O-substituted alkyl, —O(C═O)—O-aryl, —O(C═O)—O-substituted aryl,—O(SO₂)-alkyl, —O(SO₂)-substituted alkyl, —O(SO₂)-aryl,—O(SO₂)-substituted aryl, or phenyl optionally substituted with 1) alkylor substituted alkyl, 2) aryl or substituted aryl, 3) heteroaryl orsubstituted heteroaryl, 4) haloalkyl, 5) alkoxy or substituted alkoxy,6) aryloxy or substituted aryloxy, or 7) haloalkoxy; and

each R₁₂ is independently H, optionally substituted alkyl, optionallysubstituted alkenyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substitutedheteroaryl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, or optionally substitutedhetrocyclyl.

In another aspect, any of the embodiments presented herein may furthercomprise:

(i) dihydroxylating a compound of formula XI,

to provide a compound of formula XVII or XVIIa,

or a mixture thereof;

(ii) activating the primary alcohol of a compound of formula XVII orXVIIa,

or a mixture thereof to afford a compound of formula XXIII or XXIIIa,

or a mixture thereof;

(iii) ring-closing of a compound of formula XXIII or XXIIIa,

or a mixture thereof, to afford a compound of formula XXII or XXIIa,

or a mixture thereof; and

(iv) arylating a compound of formula XXII or XXIIa,

or a mixture thereof to afford a compound of formula XXII or XXIIa,

or a mixture thereof;

wherein each Y is independently —OSO₂-alkyl, —OSO₂-substituted alkyl,—OSO₂-aryl, —OSO₂-substituted aryl, —O(C═O)-alkyl, —O(C═O)-substitutedalkyl, —O(C═O)-aryl, —O(C═O)-substituted aryl, or halogen;

each n is independently 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5;

each o is independently 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5;

each R₃ is independently H, alkyl, substituted alkyl, aryl, substitutedaryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, substitutedalkoxy, aryloxy, substituted aryloxy, and haloalkoxy;

each R₄ is independently H or halo;

each R₅ is independently H or fluoro;

each R₆ is independently H or fluoro;

each R₁₁ is independently halo, —O(C═O)-alkyl, —O(C═O)-substitutedalkyl, —O(C═O)-aryl, —O(C═O)-substituted aryl, —O(C═O)—O-alkyl,—O(C═O)—O-substituted alkyl, —O(C═O)—O-aryl, —O(C═O)—O-substituted aryl,—O(SO₂)-alkyl, —O(SO₂)-substituted alkyl, —O(SO₂)-aryl,—O(SO₂)-substituted aryl, or phenyl optionally substituted with 1) alkylor substituted alkyl, 2) aryl or substituted aryl, 3) heteroaryl orsubstituted heteroaryl, 4) haloalkyl, 5) alkoxy or substituted alkoxy,6) aryloxy or substituted aryloxy, or 7) haloalkoxy; and

each R₁₂ is independently H, optionally substituted alkyl, optionallysubstituted alkenyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substitutedheteroaryl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, or optionally substitutedhetrocyclyl.

In another aspect, any of the embodiments presented herein may furthercomprise:

(i) ring-opening epoxide XXII or XXIIa,

or a mixture thereof, to afford 12 or 12a,

or a mixture thereof;

wherein each n is independently 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5;

each o is independently 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5;

each R₃ is independently H, alkyl, substituted alkyl, aryl, substitutedaryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, substitutedalkoxy, aryloxy, substituted aryloxy, and haloalkoxy;

each R₄ is independently H or halo;

each R₅ is independently H or fluoro;

each R₆ is independently H or fluoro;

each R₇ is independently N₃, NHR₈, or NR₈R₉;

each R₈ and R₉ are each independently H, alkyl, substituted alkyl, aryl,substituted aryl, heteroaryl, or substituted heteroaryl;

each R₁₁ is independently halo, —O(C═O)-alkyl, —O(C═O)-substitutedalkyl, —O(C═O)-aryl, —O(C═O)-substituted aryl, —O(C═O)—O-alkyl,—O(C═O)—O-substituted alkyl, —O(C═O)—O-aryl, —O(C═O)—O-substituted aryl,—O(SO₂)-alkyl, —O(SO₂)-substituted alkyl, —O(SO₂)-aryl,—O(SO₂)-substituted aryl, or phenyl optionally substituted with 1) alkylor substituted alkyl, 2) aryl or substituted aryl, 3) heteroaryl orsubstituted heteroaryl, 4) haloalkyl, 5) alkoxy or substituted alkoxy,6) aryloxy or substituted aryloxy, or 7) haloalkoxy; and

each R₁₂ is independently H, optionally substituted alkyl, optionallysubstituted alkenyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substitutedheteroaryl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, or optionally substitutedhetrocyclyl.

In another aspect, any of the embodiments presented herein may furthercomprise:

(i) ring-opening epoxide XXII or XXIIa,

or a mixture thereof, to afford a compound of formula XXIII or XXIIIa

or a mixture thereof;

wherein each o is independently 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5;

each R₃ is independently H, alkyl, substituted alkyl, aryl, substitutedaryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, substitutedalkoxy, aryloxy, substituted aryloxy, and haloalkoxy;

each R₄ is independently H or halo;

each R₅ is independently H or fluoro;

each R₆ is independently H or fluoro;

each R₇ is independently N₃, NHR₈, or NR₈R₉;

each R₈ and R₉ are each independently H, alkyl, substituted alkyl, aryl,substituted aryl, heteroaryl, or substituted heteroaryl;

each R₁₁ is independently halo, —O(C═O)-alkyl, —O(C═O)-substitutedalkyl, —O(C═O)-aryl, —O(C═O)-substituted aryl, —O(C═O)—O-alkyl,—O(C═O)—O-substituted alkyl, —O(C═O)—O-aryl, —O(C═O)—O-substituted aryl,—O(SO₂)-alkyl, —O(SO₂)-substituted alkyl, —O(SO₂)-aryl,—O(SO₂)-substituted aryl, or phenyl optionally substituted with 1) alkylor substituted alkyl, 2) aryl or substituted aryl, 3) heteroaryl orsubstituted heteroaryl, 4) haloalkyl, 5) alkoxy or substituted alkoxy,6) aryloxy or substituted aryloxy, or 7) haloalkoxy; and

each R₁₂ is independently H, optionally substituted alkyl, optionallysubstituted alkenyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substitutedheteroaryl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, or optionally substitutedhetrocyclyl.

In another aspect, any of the embodiments presented herein may furthercomprise:

(i) forming the tetrazole of a compound of 12 or 12a,

or a mixture thereof, to afford 1 or 1a,

or a mixture thereof;

wherein each n is independently 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5;

each o is independently 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5;

each R₃ is independently H, alkyl, substituted alkyl, aryl, substitutedaryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, substitutedalkoxy, aryloxy, substituted aryloxy, and haloalkoxy;

each R₄ is independently H or halo;

each R₅ is independently H or fluoro;

each R₆ is independently H or fluoro;

each R₇ is independently N₃, NHR₈, or NR₈R₉;

each R₈ and R₉ are each independently H, alkyl, substituted alkyl, aryl,substituted aryl, heteroaryl, or substituted heteroaryl; and

each R₁₂ is independently H, optionally substituted alkyl, optionallysubstituted alkenyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substitutedheteroaryl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, or optionally substitutedhetrocyclyl.

In another aspect, any of the embodiments presented herein may furthercomprise:

(i) arylating a compound of formula of XXIII or XXIIIa

or a mixture thereof to afford a compound of formula 12 or 12a,

or a mixture thereof;

wherein each n is independently 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5;

each o is independently 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5;

each R₃ is independently H, alkyl, substituted alkyl, aryl, substitutedaryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, substitutedalkoxy, aryloxy, substituted aryloxy, and haloalkoxy;

each R₄ is independently H or halo;

each R₅ is independently H or fluoro;

each R₆ is independently H or fluoro;

each R₇ is independently N₃, NHR₈, or NR₈R₉;

each R₈ and R₉ are each independently H, alkyl, substituted alkyl, aryl,substituted aryl, heteroaryl, or substituted heteroaryl;

each R₁₁ is independently halo, —O(C═O)-alkyl, —O(C═O)-substitutedalkyl, —O(C═O)-aryl, —O(C═O)-substituted aryl, —O(C═O)—O-alkyl,—O(C═O)—O-substituted alkyl, —O(C═O)—O-aryl, —O(C═O)—O-substituted aryl,—O(SO₂)-alkyl, —O(SO₂)-substituted alkyl, —O(SO₂)-aryl,—O(SO₂)-substituted aryl, or phenyl optionally substituted with 1) alkylor substituted alkyl, 2) aryl or substituted aryl, 3) heteroaryl orsubstituted heteroaryl, 4) haloalkyl, 5) alkoxy or substituted alkoxy,6) aryloxy or substituted aryloxy, or 7) haloalkoxy; and

each R₁₂ is independently H, optionally substituted alkyl, optionallysubstituted alkenyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substitutedheteroaryl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, or optionally substitutedhetrocyclyl.

In another aspect, any of the embodiments presented herein may furthercomprise:

(i) forming the tetrazole of a compound of formula 12 or 12a,

or a mixture thereof to afford 1 or 1a,

or a mixture thereof;

wherein each n is independently 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5;

each o is independently 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5;

each R₃ is independently H, alkyl, substituted alkyl, aryl, substitutedaryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, substitutedalkoxy, aryloxy, substituted aryloxy, and haloalkoxy;

each R₄ is independently H or halo;

each R₅ is independently H or fluoro;

each R₆ is independently H or fluoro;

each R₇ is independently N₃, NHR₈, or NR₈R₉;

each R₈ and R₉ are each independently H, alkyl, substituted alkyl, aryl,substituted aryl, heteroaryl, or substituted heteroaryl; and

each R₁₂ is independently H, optionally substituted alkyl, optionallysubstituted alkenyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substitutedheteroaryl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, or optionally substitutedhetrocyclyl.

In other aspects, the invention provides a compound of any of theformulae herein, wherein the compound inhibits (or is identified toinhibit) lanosterol demethylase (CYP51).

In another aspect, the invention provides a pharmaceutical compositioncomprising a compound of any formulae herein and a pharmaceuticallyacceptable carrier.

In other aspects, the invention provides a method of modulatingmetalloenzyme activity in a subject, comprising contacting the subjectwith a compound of any formulae herein, in an amount and underconditions sufficient to modulate metalloenzyme activity.

In one aspect, the invention provides a method of treating a subjectsuffering from or susceptible to a metalloenzyme-related disorder ordisease, comprising administering to the subject an effective amount ofa compound or pharmaceutical composition of any formulae herein.

In another aspect, the invention provides a method of treating a subjectsuffering from or susceptible to a metalloenzyme-related disorder ordisease, wherein the subject has been identified as in need of treatmentfor a metalloenzyme-related disorder or disease, comprisingadministering to said subject in need thereof, an effective amount of acompound or pharmaceutical composition of any formulae herein, such thatsaid subject is treated for said disorder.

In another aspect, the invention provides a method of treating a subjectsuffering from or susceptible to a metalloenzyme-mediated disorder ordisease, wherein the subject has been identified as in need of treatmentfor a metalloenzyme-mediated disorder or disease, comprisingadministering to said subject in need thereof, an effective amount of acompound or pharmaceutical composition of any formulae herein, such thatmetalloenzyme activity in said subject is modulated (e.g., downregulated, inhibited). In another aspect, the compounds delineatedherein preferentially target cancer cells over nontransformed cells.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION Definitions

The term “chiral” refers to molecules which have the property ofnon-superimposability of the mirror image partner, while the term“achiral” refers to molecules which are superimposable on their mirrorimage partner.

The term “diastereomers” refers to stereoisomers with two or morecenters of dissymmetry and whose molecules are not mirror images of oneanother.

The term “enantiomers” refers to two stereoisomers of a compound whichare non-superimposable mirror images of one another. An equimolarmixture of two enantiomers is called a “racemic mixture” or a“racemate.”

The term “isomers” or “stereoisomers” refers to compounds which haveidentical chemical constitution, but differ with regard to thearrangement of the atoms or groups in space.

The term “prodrug” includes compounds with moieties which can bemetabolized in vivo. Generally, the prodrugs are metabolized in vivo byesterases or by other mechanisms to active drugs. Examples of prodrugsand their uses are well known in the art (See, e.g., Berge et al. (1977)“Pharmaceutical Salts”, J. Pharm. Sci. 66:1-19). The prodrugs can beprepared in situ during the final isolation and purification of thecompounds, or by separately reacting the purified compound in its freeacid form or hydroxyl with a suitable esterifying agent.

Hydroxyl groups can be converted into esters via treatment with acarboxylic acid. Examples of prodrug moieties include substituted andunsubstituted, branch or unbranched lower alkyl ester moieties, (e.g.,propionoic acid esters), lower alkenyl esters, di-lower alkyl-aminolower-alkyl esters (e.g., dimethylaminoethyl ester), acylamino loweralkyl esters (e.g., acetyloxymethyl ester), acyloxy lower alkyl esters(e.g., pivaloyloxymethyl ester), aryl esters (phenyl ester), aryl-loweralkyl esters (e.g., benzyl ester), substituted (e.g., with methyl, halo,or methoxy substituents) aryl and aryl-lower alkyl esters, amides,lower-alkyl amides, di-lower alkyl amides, and hydroxy amides. Preferredprodrug moieties are propionoic acid esters and acyl esters. Prodrugswhich are converted to active forms through other mechanisms in vivo arealso included. In aspects, the compounds of the invention are prodrugsof any of the formulae herein.

The term “subject” refers to animals such as mammals, including, but notlimited to, primates (e.g., humans), cows, sheep, goats, horses, dogs,cats, rabbits, rats, mice and the like. In certain embodiments, thesubject is a human.

The terms “a,” “an,” and “the” refer to “one or more” when used in thisapplication, including the claims. Thus, for example, reference to “asample” includes a plurality of samples, unless the context clearly isto the contrary (e.g., a plurality of samples), and so forth.

Throughout this specification and the claims, the words “comprise,”“comprises,” and “comprising” are used in a non-exclusive sense, exceptwhere the context requires otherwise.

As used herein, the term “about,” when referring to a value is meant toencompass variations of, in some embodiments ±20%, in some embodiments±10%, in some embodiments ±5%, in some embodiments ±1%, in someembodiments ±0.5%, and in some embodiments ±0.1% from the specifiedamount, as such variations are appropriate to perform the disclosedmethods or employ the disclosed compositions.

Use of the word “inhibitor” herein is meant to mean a molecule thatexhibits activity for inhibiting a metalloenzyme. By “inhibit” herein ismeant to decrease the activity of metalloenzyme, as compared to theactivity of metalloenzyme in the absence of the inhibitor. In someembodiments, the term “inhibit” means a decrease in metalloenzymeactivity of at least about 5%, at least about 10%, at least about 20%,at least about 25%, at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at leastabout 70%, at least about 80%, at least about 90%, or at least about95%. In other embodiments, inhibit means a decrease in metalloenzymeactivity of about 5% to about 25%, about 25% to about 50%, about 50% toabout 75%, or about 75% to 100%. In some embodiments, inhibit means adecrease in metalloenzyme activity of about 95% to 100%, e.g., adecrease in activity of 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%. Such decreasescan be measured using a variety of techniques that would be recognizableby one of skill in the art. Particular assays for measuring individualactivity are described below.

Furthermore the compounds of the invention include olefins having eithergeometry: “Z” refers to what is referred to as a “cis” (same side)configuration whereas “E” refers to what is referred to as a “trans”(opposite side) configuration. With respect to the nomenclature of achiral center, the terms “d” and “1” configuration are as defined by theIUPAC Recommendations. As to the use of the terms, diastereomer,racemate, epimer and enantiomer, these will be used in their normalcontext to describe the stereochemistry of preparations.

As used herein, the term “alkyl” refers to a straight-chained orbranched hydrocarbon group containing 1 to 12 carbon atoms. The term“lower alkyl” refers to a C1-C6 alkyl chain. Examples of alkyl groupsinclude methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, tert-butyl, and n-pentyl.Alkyl groups may be optionally substituted with one or moresubstituents.

The term “alkenyl” refers to an unsaturated hydrocarbon chain that maybe a straight chain or branched chain, containing 2 to 12 carbon atomsand at least one carbon-carbon double bond. Alkenyl groups may beoptionally substituted with one or more substituents.

The term “alkynyl” refers to an unsaturated hydrocarbon chain that maybe a straight chain or branched chain, containing the 2 to 12 carbonatoms and at least one carbon-carbon triple bond. Alkynyl groups may beoptionally substituted with one or more substituents.

The sp² or sp carbons of an alkenyl group and an alkynyl group,respectively, may optionally be the point of attachment of the alkenylor alkynyl groups.

The term “alkoxy” refers to an —O-alkyl radical.

As used herein, the term “halogen”, “hal” or “halo” means —F, —Cl, —Bror —I.

The term “haloalkoxy” refers to an —O-alkyl radical that is substitutedby one or more halo substituents. Examples of haloalkoxy groups includetrifluoromethoxy, and 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy.

The term “cycloalkyl” refers to a hydrocarbon 3-8 membered monocyclic or7-14 membered bicyclic ring system having at least one saturated ring orhaving at least one non-aromatic ring, wherein the non-aromatic ring mayhave some degree of unsaturation. Cycloalkyl groups may be optionallysubstituted with one or more substituents. In one embodiment, 0, 1, 2,3, or 4 atoms of each ring of a cycloalkyl group may be substituted by asubstituent. Representative examples of cycloalkyl group includecyclopropyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cyclobutyl, cycloheptyl,cyclopentenyl, cyclopentadienyl, cyclohexenyl, cyclohexadienyl, and thelike.

The term “aryl” refers to a hydrocarbon monocyclic, bicyclic ortricyclic aromatic ring system. Aryl groups may be optionallysubstituted with one or more substituents. In one embodiment, 0, 1, 2,3, 4, 5 or 6 atoms of each ring of an aryl group may be substituted by asubstituent. Examples of aryl groups include phenyl, naphthyl,anthracenyl, fluorenyl, indenyl, azulenyl, and the like.

The term “heteroaryl” refers to an aromatic 5-8 membered monocyclic,8-12 membered bicyclic, or 11-14 membered tricyclic ring system having1-4 ring heteroatoms if monocyclic, 1-6 heteroatoms if bicyclic, or 1-9heteroatoms if tricyclic, said heteroatoms selected from O, N, or S, andthe remainder ring atoms being carbon (with appropriate hydrogen atomsunless otherwise indicated). Heteroaryl groups may be optionallysubstituted with one or more substituents. In one embodiment, 0, 1, 2,3, or 4 atoms of each ring of a heteroaryl group may be substituted by asubstituent. Examples of heteroaryl groups include pyridyl, furanyl,thienyl, pyrrolyl, oxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, imidazolyl thiazolyl,isoxazolyl, quinolinyl, pyrazolyl, isothiazolyl, pyridazinyl,pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, triazinyl, isoquinolinyl, indazolyl, and thelike.

The term “nitrogen-containing heteroaryl” refers to a heteroaryl grouphaving 1-4 ring nitrogen heteroatoms if monocyclic, 1-6 ring nitrogenheteroatoms if bicyclic, or 1-9 ring nitrogen heteroatoms if tricyclic.

The term “heterocycloalkyl” refers to a nonaromatic 3-8 memberedmonocyclic, 7-12 membered bicyclic, or 10-14 membered tricyclic ringsystem comprising 1-3 heteroatoms if monocyclic, 1-6 heteroatoms ifbicyclic, or 1-9 heteroatoms if tricyclic, said heteroatoms selectedfrom O, N, S, B, P or Si, wherein the nonaromatic ring system iscompletely saturated. Heterocycloalkyl groups may be optionallysubstituted with one or more substituents. In one embodiment, 0, 1, 2,3, or 4 atoms of each ring of a heterocycloalkyl group may besubstituted by a substituent. Representative heterocycloalkyl groupsinclude piperidinyl, piperazinyl, tetrahydropyranyl, morpholinyl,thiomorpholinyl, 1,3-dioxolane, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydrothienyl,thiirenyl, and the like.

The term “alkylamino” refers to an amino substituent which is furthersubstituted with one or two alkyl groups. The term “aminoalkyl” refersto an alkyl substituent which is further substituted with one or moreamino groups. The term “hydroxyalkyl” or “hydroxylalkyl” refers to analkyl substituent which is further substituted with one or more hydroxylgroups. The alkyl or aryl portion of alkylamino, aminoalkyl,mercaptoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, mercaptoalkoxy, sulfonylalkyl,sulfonylaryl, alkylcarbonyl, and alkylcarbonylalkyl may be optionallysubstituted with one or more substituents.

Acids and bases useful in the methods herein are known in the art. Acidcatalysts are any acidic chemical, which can be inorganic (e.g.,hydrochloric, sulfuric, nitric acids, aluminum trichloride) or organic(e.g., camphorsulfonic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, acetic acid,ytterbium triflate) in nature. Acids are useful in either catalytic orstoichiometric amounts to facilitate chemical reactions. Bases are anybasic chemical, which can be inorganic (e.g., sodium bicarbonate,potassium hydroxide) or organic (e.g., triethylamine, pyridine) innature. Bases are useful in either catalytic or stoichiometric amountsto facilitate chemical reactions.

Alkylating agents are any reagent that is capable of effecting thealkylation of the functional group at issue (e.g., oxygen atom of analcohol, nitrogen atom of an amino group). Alkylating agents are knownin the art, including in the references cited herein, and include alkylhalides (e.g., methyl iodide, benzyl bromide or chloride), alkylsulfates (e.g., methyl sulfate), or other alkyl group-leaving groupcombinations known in the art. Leaving groups are any stable speciesthat can detach from a molecule during a reaction (e.g., eliminationreaction, substitution reaction) and are known in the art, including inthe references cited herein, and include halides (e.g., I—, Cl—, Br—,F—), hydroxy, alkoxy (e.g., —OMe, —O-t-Bu), acyloxy anions (e.g., —OAc,—OC(O)CF₃), sulfonates (e.g., mesyl, tosyl), acetamides (e.g.,—NHC(O)Me), carbamates (e.g., N(Me)C(O)Ot-Bu), phosphonates (e.g.,—OP(O)(OEt)₂), water or alcohols (protic conditions), and the like.

In certain embodiments, substituents on any group (such as, for example,alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heteroaralkyl,cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl) can be at any atom of that group, whereinany group that can be substituted (such as, for example, alkyl, alkenyl,alkynyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heteroaralkyl, cycloalkyl,heterocycloalkyl) can be optionally substituted with one or moresubstituents (which may be the same or different), each replacing ahydrogen atom. Examples of suitable substituents include, but are notlimited to alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl,aralkyl, heteroaralkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, halogen, haloalkyl, cyano,nitro, alkoxy, aryloxy, hydroxyl, hydroxylalkyl, oxo (i.e., carbonyl),carboxyl, formyl, alkylcarbonyl, alkylcarbonylalkyl, alkoxycarbonyl,alkylcarbonyloxy, aryloxycarbonyl, heteroaryloxy, heteroaryloxycarbonyl,thio, mercapto, mercaptoalkyl, arylsulfonyl, amino, aminoalkyl,dialkylamino, alkylcarbonylamino, alkylaminocarbonyl,alkoxycarbonylamino, alkylamino, arylamino, diarylamino, alkylcarbonyl,or arylamino-substituted aryl; arylalkylamino, aralkylaminocarbonyl,amido, alkylaminosulfonyl, arylaminosulfonyl, dialkylaminosulfonyl,alkylsulfonylamino, arylsulfonylamino, imino, carbamido, carbamyl,thioureido, thiocyanato, sulfoamido, sulfonylalkyl, sulfonylaryl,mercaptoalkoxy, N-hydroxyamidinyl, or N′-aryl, N″-hydroxyamidinyl.

Compounds of the invention can be made by means known in the art oforganic synthesis. Methods for optimizing reaction conditions, ifnecessary minimizing competing by-products, are known in the art.Reaction optimization and scale-up may advantageously utilize high-speedparallel synthesis equipment and computer-controlled microreactors (e.g.Design And Optimization in Organic Synthesis, 2^(nd) Edition, Carlson R,Ed, 2005; Elsevier Science Ltd.; Jähnisch, K et al, Angew. Chem. Int.Ed. Engl. 2004 43: 406; and references therein). Additional reactionschemes and protocols may be determined by the skilled artesian by useof commercially available structure-searchable database software, forinstance, SciFinder® (CAS division of the American Chemical Society) andCrossFire Beilstein® (Elsevier MDL), or by appropriate keyword searchingusing an internet search engine such as Google® or keyword databasessuch as the US Patent and Trademark Office text database. The inventionincludes the intermediate compounds used in making the compounds of theformulae herein as well as methods of making such compounds andintermediates, including without limitation those as specificallydescribed in the examples herein.

The compounds herein may also contain linkages (e.g., carbon-carbonbonds) wherein bond rotation is restricted about that particularlinkage, e.g. restriction resulting from the presence of a ring ordouble bond. Accordingly, all cis/trans and E/Z isomers are expresslyincluded in the present invention. The compounds herein may also berepresented in multiple tautomeric forms, in such instances, theinvention expressly includes all tautomeric forms of the compoundsdescribed herein, even though only a single tautomeric form may berepresented. All such isomeric forms of such compounds herein areexpressly included in the present invention. All crystal forms andpolymorphs of the compounds described herein are expressly included inthe present invention. Also embodied are extracts and fractionscomprising compounds of the invention. The term isomers is intended toinclude diastereoisomers, enantiomers, regioisomers, structural isomers,rotational isomers, tautomers, and the like. For compounds which containone or more stereogenic centers, e.g., chiral compounds, the methods ofthe invention may be carried out with an enantiomerically enrichedcompound, a racemate, or a mixture of diastereomers.

Preferred enantiomerically enriched compounds have an enantiomericexcess of 50% or more, more preferably the compound has an enantiomericexcess of 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99% or more. In preferredembodiments, only one enantiomer or diastereomer of a chiral compound ofthe invention is administered to cells or a subject.

Pharmaceutical Compositions

In one aspect, the invention provides a pharmaceutical compositioncomprising a compound of any formulae herein and a pharmaceuticallyacceptable carrier.

In another embodiment, the invention provides a pharmaceuticalcomposition further comprising an additional therapeutic agent. In afurther embodiment, the additional therapeutic agent is an anti-canceragent, antifungal agent, cardiovascular agent, antiinflammatory agent,chemotherapeutic agent, an anti-angiogenesis agent, cytotoxic agent, ananti-proliferation agent, metabolic disease agent, opthalmologic diseaseagent, central nervous system (CNS) disease agent, urologic diseaseagent, or gastrointestinal disease agent.

In one aspect, the invention provides a kit comprising an effectiveamount of a compound of any formulae herein, in unit dosage form,together with instructions for administering the compound to a subjectsuffering from or susceptible to a metalloenzyme-mediated disease ordisorder, including cancer, solid tumor, cardiovascular disease,inflammatory disease, infectious disease. In other embodiments thedisease, disorder or symptom thereof is metabolic disease, opthalmologicdisease, central nervous system (CNS) disease, urologic disease, orgastrointestinal disease.

The term “pharmaceutically acceptable salts” or “pharmaceuticallyacceptable carrier” is meant to include salts of the active compoundswhich are prepared with relatively nontoxic acids or bases, depending onthe particular substituents found on the compounds described herein.When compounds of the present invention contain relatively acidicfunctionalities, base addition salts can be obtained by contacting theneutral form of such compounds with a sufficient amount of the desiredbase, either neat or in a suitable inert solvent. Examples ofpharmaceutically acceptable base addition salts include sodium,potassium, calcium, ammonium, organic amino, or magnesium salt, or asimilar salt. When compounds of the present invention contain relativelybasic functionalities, acid addition salts can be obtained by contactingthe neutral form of such compounds with a sufficient amount of thedesired acid, either neat or in a suitable inert solvent. Examples ofpharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts include those derivedfrom inorganic acids like hydrochloric, hydrobromic, nitric, carbonic,monohydrogencarbonic, phosphoric, monohydrogenphosphoric,dihydrogenphosphoric, sulfuric, monohydrogensulfuric, hydroiodic, orphosphorous acids and the like, as well as the salts derived fromrelatively nontoxic organic acids like acetic, propionic, isobutyric,maleic, malonic, benzoic, succinic, suberic, fumaric, lactic, mandelic,phthalic, benzenesulfonic, p-tolylsulfonic, citric, tartaric,methanesulfonic, and the like. Also included are salts of amino acidssuch as arginate and the like, and salts of organic acids likeglucuronic or galactunoric acids and the like (see, e.g., Berge et al.,Journal of Pharmaceutical Science 66:1-19 (1977)). Certain specificcompounds of the present invention contain both basic and acidicfunctionalities that allow the compounds to be converted into eitherbase or acid addition salts. Other pharmaceutically acceptable carriersknown to those of skill in the art are suitable for the presentinvention.

The neutral forms of the compounds may be regenerated by contacting thesalt with a base or acid and isolating the parent compound in theconventional manner. The parent form of the compound differs from thevarious salt forms in certain physical properties, such as solubility inpolar solvents, but otherwise the salts are equivalent to the parentform of the compound for the purposes of the present invention.

In addition to salt forms, the present invention provides compoundswhich are in a prodrug form. Prodrugs of the compounds described hereinare those compounds that readily undergo chemical changes underphysiological conditions to provide the compounds of the presentinvention. Additionally, prodrugs can be converted to the compounds ofthe present invention by chemical or biochemical methods in an ex vivoenvironment. For example, prodrugs can be slowly converted to thecompounds of the present invention when placed in a transdermal patchreservoir with a suitable enzyme or chemical reagent.

Certain compounds of the present invention can exist in unsolvated formsas well as solvated forms, including hydrated forms. In general, thesolvated forms are equivalent to unsolvated forms and are intended to beencompassed within the scope of the present invention. Certain compoundsof the present invention may exist in multiple crystalline or amorphousforms. In general, all physical forms are equivalent for the usescontemplated by the present invention and are intended to be within thescope of the present invention.

The invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition, comprising aneffective amount of a compound described herein and a pharmaceuticallyacceptable carrier. In an embodiment, compound is administered to thesubject using a pharmaceutically-acceptable formulation, e.g., apharmaceutically-acceptable formulation that provides sustained deliveryof the compound to a subject for at least 12 hours, 24 hours, 36 hours,48 hours, one week, two weeks, three weeks, or four weeks after thepharmaceutically-acceptable formulation is administered to the subject.

Actual dosage levels and time course of administration of the activeingredients in the pharmaceutical compositions of this invention may bevaried so as to obtain an amount of the active ingredient which iseffective to achieve the desired therapeutic response for a particularpatient, composition, and mode of administration, without being toxic(or unacceptably toxic) to the patient.

In use, at least one compound according to the present invention isadministered in a pharmaceutically effective amount to a subject in needthereof in a pharmaceutical carrier by intravenous, intramuscular,subcutaneous, or intracerebro ventricular injection or by oraladministration or topical application. In accordance with the presentinvention, a compound of the invention may be administered alone or inconjunction with a second, different therapeutic. By “in conjunctionwith” is meant together, substantially simultaneously or sequentially.In one embodiment, a compound of the invention is administered acutely.The compound of the invention may therefore be administered for a shortcourse of treatment, such as for about 1 day to about 1 week. In anotherembodiment, the compound of the invention may be administered over alonger period of time to ameliorate chronic disorders, such as, forexample, for about one week to several months depending upon thecondition to be treated.

By “pharmaceutically effective amount” as used herein is meant an amountof a compound of the invention, high enough to significantly positivelymodify the condition to be treated but low enough to avoid serious sideeffects (at a reasonable benefit/risk ratio), within the scope of soundmedical judgment. A pharmaceutically effective amount of a compound ofthe invention will vary with the particular goal to be achieved, the ageand physical condition of the patient being treated, the severity of theunderlying disease, the duration of treatment, the nature of concurrenttherapy and the specific compound employed. For example, atherapeutically effective amount of a compound of the inventionadministered to a child or a neonate will be reduced proportionately inaccordance with sound medical judgment. The effective amount of acompound of the invention will thus be the minimum amount which willprovide the desired effect.

A decided practical advantage of the present invention is that thecompound may be administered in a convenient manner such as byintravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, oral orintra-cerebroventricular injection routes or by topical application,such as in creams or gels. Depending on the route of administration, theactive ingredients which comprise a compound of the invention may berequired to be coated in a material to protect the compound from theaction of enzymes, acids and other natural conditions which mayinactivate the compound. In order to administer a compound of theinvention by other than parenteral administration, the compound can becoated by, or administered with, a material to prevent inactivation.

The compound may be administered parenterally or intraperitoneally.Dispersions can also be prepared, for example, in glycerol, liquidpolyethylene glycols, and mixtures thereof, and in oils.

Some examples of substances which can serve as pharmaceutical carriersare sugars, such as lactose, glucose and sucrose; starches such as cornstarch and potato starch; cellulose and its derivatives such as sodiumcarboxymethycellulose, ethylcellulose and cellulose acetates; powderedtragancanth; malt; gelatin; talc; stearic acids; magnesium stearate;calcium sulfate; vegetable oils, such as peanut oils, cotton seed oil,sesame oil, olive oil, corn oil and oil of theobroma; polyols such aspropylene glycol, glycerine, sorbitol, manitol, and polyethylene glycol;agar; alginic acids; pyrogen-free water; isotonic saline; and phosphatebuffer solution; skim milk powder; as well as other non-toxic compatiblesubstances used in pharmaceutical formulations such as Vitamin C,estrogen and echinacea, for example. Wetting agents and lubricants suchas sodium lauryl sulfate, as well as coloring agents, flavoring agents,lubricants, excipients, tableting agents, stabilizers, anti-oxidants andpreservatives, can also be present. Solubilizing agents, including forexample, cremaphore and beta-cyclodextrins can also used in thepharmaceutical compositions herein.

Pharmaceutical compositions comprising the active compounds of thepresently disclosed subject matter (or prodrugs thereof) can bemanufactured by means of conventional mixing, dissolving, granulating,dragee-making levigating, emulsifying, encapsulating, entrapping orlyophilization processes. The compositions can be formulated inconventional manner using one or more physiologically acceptablecarriers, diluents, excipients or auxiliaries which facilitateprocessing of the active compounds into preparations which can be usedpharmaceutically.

Pharmaceutical compositions of the presently disclosed subject mattercan take a form suitable for virtually any mode of administration,including, for example, topical, ocular, oral, buccal, systemic, nasal,injection, transdermal, rectal, vaginal, and the like, or a formsuitable for administration by inhalation or insufflation.

For topical administration, the active compound(s) or prodrug(s) can beformulated as solutions, gels, ointments, creams, suspensions, and thelike.

Systemic formulations include those designed for administration byinjection, e.g., subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, intrathecalor intraperitoneal injection, as well as those designed for transdermal,transmucosal, oral, or pulmonary administration.

Useful injectable preparations include sterile suspensions, solutions oremulsions of the active compound(s) in aqueous or oily vehicles. Thecompositions also can contain formulating agents, such as suspending,stabilizing and/or dispersing agent. The formulations for injection canbe presented in unit dosage form (e.g., in ampules or in multidosecontainers) and can contain added preservatives.

Alternatively, the injectable formulation can be provided in powder formfor reconstitution with a suitable vehicle, including but not limited tosterile pyrogen free water, buffer, dextrose solution, and the like,before use. To this end, the active compound(s) can be dried by anyart-known technique, such as lyophilization, and reconstituted prior touse.

For transmucosal administration, penetrants appropriate to the barrierto be permeated are used in the formulation. Such penetrants are knownin the art.

For oral administration, the pharmaceutical compositions can take theform of, for example, lozenges, tablets or capsules prepared byconventional means with pharmaceutically acceptable excipients such asbinding agents (e.g., pregelatinized maize starch, polyvinylpyrrolidoneor hydroxypropyl methylcellulose); fillers (e.g., lactose,microcrystalline cellulose or calcium hydrogen phosphate); lubricants(e.g., magnesium stearate, talc or silica); disintegrants (e.g., potatostarch or sodium starch glycolate); or wetting agents (e.g., sodiumlauryl sulfate). The tablets can be coated by methods well known in theart with, for example, sugars or enteric coatings.

Liquid preparations for oral administration can take the form of, forexample, elixirs, solutions, syrups or suspensions, or they can bepresented as a dry product for constitution with water or other suitablevehicle before use. Such liquid preparations can be prepared byconventional means with pharmaceutically acceptable additives such assuspending agents (e.g., sorbitol syrup, cellulose derivatives orhydrogenated edible fats); emulsifying agents (e.g., lecithin oracacia); non aqueous vehicles (e.g., almond oil, oily esters, ethylalcohol or fractionated vegetable oils); and preservatives (e.g., methylor propyl p-hydroxybenzoates or sorbic acid). The preparations also cancontain buffer salts, preservatives, flavoring, coloring and sweeteningagents as appropriate.

Preparations for oral administration can be suitably formulated to givecontrolled release of the active compound or prodrug, as is well known.

For buccal administration, the compositions can take the form of tabletsor lozenges formulated in a conventional manner.

For rectal and vaginal routes of administration, the active compound(s)can be formulated as solutions (for retention enemas), suppositories, orointments containing conventional suppository bases, such as cocoabutter or other glycerides.

For nasal administration or administration by inhalation orinsufflation, the active compound(s) or prodrug(s) can be convenientlydelivered in the form of an aerosol spray from pressurized packs or anebulizer with the use of a suitable propellant, e.g.,dichlorodifluoromethane, trichlorofluoromethane,dichlorotetrafluoroethane, fluorocarbons, carbon dioxide or othersuitable gas. In the case of a pressurized aerosol, the dosage unit canbe determined by providing a valve to deliver a metered amount. Capsulesand cartridges for use in an inhaler or insufflator (for examplecapsules and cartridges comprised of gelatin) can be formulatedcontaining a powder mix of the compound and a suitable powder base suchas lactose or starch.

A specific example of an aqueous suspension formulation suitable fornasal administration using commercially-available nasal spray devicesincludes the following ingredients: active compound or prodrug (0.5-20mg/ml); benzalkonium chloride (0.1-0.2 mg/mL); polysorbate 80 (TWEEN®80; 0.5-5 mg/ml); carboxymethylcellulose sodium or microcrystallinecellulose (1-15 mg/ml); phenylethanol (1-4 mg/ml); and dextrose (20-50mg/ml). The pH of the final suspension can be adjusted to range fromabout pH 5 to pH 7, with a pH of about pH 5.5 being typical.

For prolonged delivery, the active compound(s) or prodrug(s) can beformulated as a depot preparation for administration by implantation orintramuscular injection. The active ingredient can be formulated withsuitable polymeric or hydrophobic materials (e.g., as an emulsion in anacceptable oil) or ion exchange resins, or as sparingly solublederivatives, e.g., as a sparingly soluble salt. Alternatively,transdermal delivery systems manufactured as an adhesive disc or patchwhich slowly releases the active compound(s) for percutaneous absorptioncan be used. To this end, permeation enhancers can be used to facilitatetransdermal penetration of the active compound(s). Suitable transdermalpatches are described in for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,407,713;5,352,456; 5,332,213; 5,336,168; 5,290,561; 5,254,346; 5,164,189;5,163,899; 5,088,977; 5,087,240; 5,008,110; and U.S. Pat. No. 4,921,475,each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

Alternatively, other pharmaceutical delivery systems can be employed.Liposomes and emulsions are well-known examples of delivery vehiclesthat can be used to deliver active compound(s) or prodrug(s). Certainorganic solvents such as dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) also can be employed.

The pharmaceutical compositions can, if desired, be presented in a packor dispenser device which can contain one or more unit dosage formscontaining the active compound(s). The pack can, for example, comprisemetal or plastic foil, such as a blister pack. The pack or dispenserdevice can be accompanied by instructions for administration.

The active compound(s) or prodrug(s) of the presently disclosed subjectmatter, or compositions thereof, will generally be used in an amounteffective to achieve the intended result, for example in an amounteffective to treat or prevent the particular disease being treated. Thecompound(s) can be administered therapeutically to achieve therapeuticbenefit or prophylactically to achieve prophylactic benefit. Bytherapeutic benefit is meant eradication or amelioration of theunderlying disorder being treated and/or eradication or amelioration ofone or more of the symptoms associated with the underlying disorder suchthat the patient reports an improvement in feeling or condition,notwithstanding that the patient can still be afflicted with theunderlying disorder. For example, administration of a compound to apatient suffering from an allergy provides therapeutic benefit not onlywhen the underlying allergic response is eradicated or ameliorated, butalso when the patient reports a decrease in the severity or duration ofthe symptoms associated with the allergy following exposure to theallergen. As another example, therapeutic benefit in the context ofasthma includes an improvement in respiration following the onset of anasthmatic attack, or a reduction in the frequency or severity ofasthmatic episodes. Therapeutic benefit also includes halting or slowingthe progression of the disease, regardless of whether improvement isrealized.

For prophylactic administration, the compound can be administered to apatient at risk of developing one of the previously described diseases.A patient at risk of developing a disease can be a patient havingcharacteristics placing the patient in a designated group of at riskpatients, as defined by an appropriate medical professional or group. Apatient at risk may also be a patient that is commonly or routinely in asetting where development of the underlying disease that may be treatedby administration of a metalloenzyme inhibitor according to theinvention could occur. In other words, the at risk patient is one who iscommonly or routinely exposed to the disease or illness causingconditions or may be acutely exposed for a limited time. Alternatively,prophylactic administration can be applied to avoid the onset ofsymptoms in a patient diagnosed with the underlying disorder.

The amount of compound administered will depend upon a variety offactors, including, for example, the particular indication beingtreated, the mode of administration, whether the desired benefit isprophylactic or therapeutic, the severity of the indication beingtreated and the age and weight of the patient, the bioavailability ofthe particular active compound, and the like. Determination of aneffective dosage is well within the capabilities of those skilled in theart.

Effective dosages can be estimated initially from in vitro assays. Forexample, an initial dosage for use in animals can be formulated toachieve a circulating blood or serum concentration of active compoundthat is at or above an IC50 of the particular compound as measured in asin vitro assay, such as the in vitro fungal MIC or MFC and other invitro assays described in the Examples section. Calculating dosages toachieve such circulating blood or serum concentrations taking intoaccount the bioavailability of the particular compound is well withinthe capabilities of skilled artisans. For guidance, see Fingl &Woodbury, “General Principles,” In: Goodman and Gilman's ThePharmaceutical Basis of Therapeutics, Chapter 1, pp. 1-46, latestedition, Pagamonon Press, and the references cited therein, which areincorporated herein by reference.

Initial dosages also can be estimated from in vivo data, such as animalmodels. Animal models useful for testing the efficacy of compounds totreat or prevent the various diseases described above are well-known inthe art.

Dosage amounts will typically be in the range of from about 0.0001 or0.001 or 0.01 mg/kg/day to about 100 mg/kg/day, but can be higher orlower, depending upon, among other factors, the activity of thecompound, its bioavailability, the mode of administration, and variousfactors discussed above. Dosage amount and interval can be adjustedindividually to provide plasma levels of the compound(s) which aresufficient to maintain therapeutic or prophylactic effect. In cases oflocal administration or selective uptake, such as local topicaladministration, the effective local concentration of active compound(s)cannot be related to plasma concentration. Skilled artisans will be ableto optimize effective local dosages without undue experimentation.

The compound(s) can be administered once per day, a few or several timesper day, or even multiple times per day, depending upon, among otherthings, the indication being treated and the judgment of the prescribingphysician.

Preferably, the compound(s) will provide therapeutic or prophylacticbenefit without causing substantial toxicity. Toxicity of thecompound(s) can be determined using standard pharmaceutical procedures.The dose ratio between toxic and therapeutic (or prophylactic) effect isthe therapeutic index. Compounds(s) that exhibit high therapeuticindices are preferred.

The recitation of a listing of chemical groups in any definition of avariable herein includes definitions of that variable as any singlegroup or combination of listed groups. The recitation of an embodimentfor a variable herein includes that embodiment as any single embodimentor in combination with any other embodiments or portions thereof. Therecitation of an embodiment herein includes that embodiment as anysingle embodiment or in combination with any other embodiments orportions thereof.

Another object of the present invention is the use of a compound asdescribed herein (e.g., of any formulae herein) in the manufacture of amedicament for use in the treatment of a metalloenzyme-mediated disorderor disease. Another object of the present invention is the use of acompound as described herein (e.g., of any formulae herein) for use inthe treatment of a metalloenzyme-mediated disorder or disease. Anotherobject of the present invention is the use of a compound as describedherein (e.g., of any formulae herein) in the manufacture of anagricultural composition for use in the treatment or prevention of ametalloenzyme-mediated disorder or disease in agricultural or agrariansettings.

Agricultural Applications

The compounds and compositions herein can be used in methods ofmodulating metalloenzyme activity in a microorganism on a plantcomprising contacting a compound (or composition) herein with the plant(e.g., seed, seedling, grass, weed, grain). The compounds andcompositions herein can be used to treat a plant, field or otheragricultural area (e.g., as herbicides, pesticides, growth regulators,etc.) by administering the compound or composition (e.g., contacting,applying, spraying, atomizing, dusting, etc.) to the subject plant,field or other agricultural area. The administration can be either pre-or post-emergence. The administration can be either as a treatment orpreventative regimen.

EXAMPLES

The present invention will now be demonstrated using specific examplesthat are not to be construed as limiting.

General Experimental Procedures

Definitions of variables in the structures in schemes herein arecommensurate with those of corresponding positions in the formulaedelineated herein.

Synthesis of 1 or 1a

A process to prepare enantiopure compound 1 or 1a is disclosed.Syntheses of 1 or 1a may be accomplished using the example synthesesthat are shown below (Schemes 1-4). The preparation of precursor ketone3-Br is performed starting with reaction of 2,5-dibromopyridine withethyl 2-bromo-difluoroacetate to produce ester 2-Br. This ester isreacted with morpholine to furnish morpholine amide 2b-Br, followed byarylation to provide ketone 3-Br.

Ketone 3 may be prepared in an analogous fashion as described in Scheme1 starting from corresponding substituted 2-bromo-pyridines, which canbe prepared using according to synthetic transformations known in theart and contained in the references cited herein (Scheme 2).

Alternatively, compound 1 can be prepared according to Scheme 3utilizing diols 2-6b (or 2-6d, the enantiomer of 2-6b, or mixturesthereof) or 2-6a (or 2-6c, the enantiomer of 2-6a, or mixtures thereof).Olefins 2-5a and 2-5 can be prepared by reacting ketones 3 and 1-4 underWittig olefination conditions (e.g., Ph₃PCH₃Br and BuLi). Also, asindicated in Scheme 3, any of pyridine compounds, 3, 2-5a, 2-6b, 2-7b,4*, 4b, or 6 can be converted to the corresponding 4-CF₃O-Ph analogs(e.g., 1-4, 2-5, 2-6a, 2-7a, 5*, 1-6*, or 1 or the correspondingenantiomers, or mixtures thereof) by cross-coupling with(4-trifluoromethoxyphenyl)boronic acid (or the corresponding alkylboronates or pinnacol boronates or the like), in a suitable solventsystem (e.g., an organic-aqueous solvent mixture), in the presence of atransition metal catalyst (e.g., (dppf)PdCl₂), and in the presence of abase (e.g., KHCO₃, K₂CO₃, Cs₂CO₃, or Na₂CO₃, or the like). Olefins 2-5aand 2-5 can be transformed to the corresponding chiral diols, 2-6b (or2-6d, the enantiomer of 2-6b, or mixtures thereof) or 2-6a (or 2-6c, theenantiomer of 2-6a, or mixtures thereof), through exposure to Sharplessasymmetric dihydroxylation conditions: 1) commercially available AD-mixalpha or AD-mix beta with or without additional osmium oxidant andmethanesulfonamide, 2) combination of a catalytic osmium oxidant (e.g.,OsO₄ or K₂OsO₂(OH)₄), a stoichiometric iron oxidant (e.g., K₃Fe(CN)₆), abase (e.g., KHCO₃, K₂CO₃, Cs₂CO₃, or Na₂CO₃, or the like), and a chiralligand (e.g., (DHQ)₂PHAL, (DHQD)₂PHAL, (DHQD)₂AQN, (DHQ)₂AQN,(DHQD)₂PYR, or (DHQ)₂PYR; preferably (DHQ)₂PHAL, (DHQD)₂PHAL,(DHQD)₂AQN, and (DHQD)₂PYR), or 3) option 2) with methanesulfonamide.The primary alcohol of the resultant chiral diols, 2-6b (or 2-6d, theenantiomer of 2-6b, or mixtures thereof) or 2-6a (or 2-6c, theenantiomer of 2-6a, or mixtures thereof), can then be activated toafford compounds 2-7b (or 2-7d, the enantiomer of 2-7b, or mixturesthereof) or 2-7a (or 2-7c, the enantiomer of 2-7a, or mixtures thereof).For example, the mesylates can be prepared by exposing chiral diols,2-6b (or 2-6d, the enantiomer of 2-6b, or mixtures thereof) or 2-6a (or2-6c, the enantiomer of 2-6a, or mixtures thereof), to methanesulfonylchloride and a base. Epoxide formation can be affected by thebase-mediated (e.g., KHCO₃, K₂CO₃, Cs₂CO₃, or Na₂CO₃, or the like) ringclosure of compounds 2-7b (or 2-7d, the enantiomer of 2-7b, or mixturesthereof) or 2-7a (or 2-7c, the enantiomer of 2-7a, or mixtures thereof)to provide epoxides 4* (or 4c*, the enantiomer of 4*, or mixturesthereof) and 5* (or 5-b*, the enantiomer of 5*, or mixtures thereof).The epoxides can then be converted into amino-alcohols 4b (or 4c, theenantiomer of 4b, or mixtures thereof) and 1-6* (or 1-7*, the enantiomerof 1-6*, or mixtures thereof) through ammonia-mediated epoxide openingusing ammonia in a suitable solvent (e.g., MeOH, EtOH, or water).Subsequent treatment with TMS-azide in the presence oftrimethylorthoformate and sodium acetate in acetic acid would yieldcompounds 20 (or 20a, the enantiomer of 20, or mixtures thereof) or 1(or 1a, the enantiomer of 1, or mixtures thereof) (U.S. Pat. No.4,426,531).

Compound 1 (or 1a, the enantiomer of 1, or mixtures thereof) prepared byany of the methods presented herein can be converted to a sulfonic saltof formula IX (or IXa, the enantiomer of IX, or mixtures thereof), asshown in Scheme 4. This can be accomplished by a) combining compound 1(or 1a, the enantiomer of 1, or mixtures thereof), a crystallizationsolvent or crystallization solvent mixture (e.g., EtOAc, iPrOAc, EtOH,MeOH, or acetonitrile, or combinations thereof), and a sulfonic acid

(e.g., Z=Ph, p-tolyl, Me, or Et), b) diluting the mixture with anappropriate crystallization co-solvent or crystallization co-solventmixture (e.g., pentane, methyl t-butylether, hexane, heptane, ortoluene, or combinations thereof), and c) filtering the mixture toobtain a sulfonic acid salt of formula IX (or IXa, the enantiomer of IX,or mixtures thereof).

Example 1: Preparation of1-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-2,2-difluoro-2-(5-(4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)ethanone(1-4) 1a. ethyl 2-(5-bromopyridin-2-yl)-2,2-difluoroacetate (2)

Process Development

Table 1 illustrates the effects of the relative proportions of each ofthe reagents and reactants, the effect of temperature, and the effect ofvarying the solvent had on the overall performance of the transformationas measured by the overall yield and purity of the reaction.

TABLE 1 Process Development for the Preparation of compound 2-BrBr-ester Cu Solvent Temp Time 2-Br 1 Br-ester Other Entry (eq¹)(size/eq¹) (vol)² (° C.) (h) (%) (%) (%) (%)  1 1.04 3 μm/2.5 DMF (4) 5184 76 3 11  2 1.04 3 μm/2.5 NMP (4) 51 84 19 66 6  3 1.04 Cu bronze DMF(4) 51 72 0 7 83  4 1.04 Cu bronze NMP (4) 51 72 12 83 3  5 1.04 3μm/2.5 DMF (4) 51 48 80 4 7  6 1.02 3 μm/2.4 DMF (4) 75 20 74 1.5 9  71.02 3 μm/1.0 DMF (4) 75 17 75 9 4  8 1.02 3 μm/1.5 DMF (4) 75 17 84 6 36  9 1.02 3 μm/2.0 DMF (4) 75 17 85 6 10 0.9 3 μm/2.16 DMF (4) 75 17 8011 1 6 11 0.79 3 μm/1.98 DMF (4) 75 17 88 4 1 6 12 0.67 3 μm/1.67 DMF(4) 75 17 86 7 5 13 0.8 3 μm/0.8 DMF (4) 75 16 65 20 5 14 0.8 3 μm/1.2DMF (4) 75 16 83 6 3 6 15 0.77 3 μm/2.0 DMF (3.2) 75 18 79 13 <1 7 161.03 3 μm/2.5 DMSO (7) 35 69 75 5 8 12 17 0.79 3 μm/2.0 DMF (3.9) 75 1690 3 6 18 1.25 3 μm/2.5 DMF (3.9) 75 23 83 6 8 19 1.25 3 μm/1.5 DMSO(3.9) 35 17 76 14 7 20 1.25 3 μm/1.25 DMSO (3.9) 70 17 62 30 2 21 0.79 3μm/1.2 DMF (3.9) 70 17 78 7 12 22 0.79 3 μm/1.6 DMSO (4.3) 35 41 77 6 823 0.79 3 μm/2.0 DMSO (4.3) 35 41 81 4 9 24 0.67 3 μm/1.3 DMSO (4.3) 3541 76 13 8 25 0.67 3 μm /1.67 DMSO (4.3) 35 41 89 4 7 26 0.67 3 μm /1.67DMSO (3.6) 35 18 75 3 14 ¹Based on Compound 1 ²Based on grams ofCompound 1

Typical Procedure for Preparing 2-Br

Copper (45 μm, 149 g, 0.198 moles, 2.5 equiv) was placed into a 3 L,3-neck round bottom flask equipped with a condenser, thermocouple, andan overhead stirrer. DMSO (890 mL, 4.7 vol. based on ethyl2-bromo-2,2-difluoroacetate) and 14 mL of concentrated sulfuric acid wasadded and the mixture stirred for 30 minutes. The mixture self-heated toabout 31° C. during the stir time. After cooling the contents to 23° C.,2,5-dibromopyridine 1 (277 g, 1.17 moles, 1.5 eq) was added to thereaction mixture. The temperature of the contents decreased to 16° C.during a 10 minute stir time. 2-bromo-2,2-difluoroacetate (190 g, 0.936moles, 1.0 eq) was added in one portion and the mixture stirred for 10min. The flask contents were warmed to 35° C. and the internaltemperature was maintained between 35-38° for 18 h. In-process HPLCshowed 72% desired 2-Br. The warm reaction mixture was filtered throughfilter paper and the collected solids washed with 300 mL of 35° C. DMSO.The solids were then washed with 450 mL of n-heptane and 450 mL of MTBE.The collected filtrate was cooled to about 10° C. and was slowly added900 mL of a cold 20% aqueous NH₄Cl solution, maintaining an internaltemperature of <16° C. during the addition. After stirring for 15minutes, the layers were settled and separated. The aqueous layer wasextracted 2×450 mL of a 1:1 MTBE: n-heptane mixture. The combinedorganic layers were washed 2×450 mL of aqueous 20% NH₄Cl and with 200 mLof aqueous 20% NaCl. The organic layer was dried with 50 g MgSO₄ and thesolvent removed to yield 2-Br as a dark oil. Weight of oil=183 g (70%yield by weight) HPLC purity (by area %)=85%. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, d₆-DMSO):δ8.86 (m, 1H), 8.35 (dd, J=8.4, 2.3 Hz, 1H), 7.84 (dd, J=8.3, 0.6 Hz,1H), 4.34 (q, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 1.23 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 3H). MS m/z 280 (M+H⁺),282 (M+2+H⁺).

1b. 2-(5-bromopyridin-2-yl)-2,2-difluoro-1-morpholinoethanone (2b-Br)

Process Development

Table 2 illustrates the effects of the relative proportions of each ofthe reagents and reactants, and the effect of varying the solvent had onthe overall performance of the transformation as measured by the overallyield and purity of the reaction.

TABLE 2 Process Development for the Preparation of compound 2b-Br CrudeHPLC Ester Morpholine Time Yield purity Experiment 2-Br (g) (eq) Solvent(h) (%) (%) 1 0.75 2 MeOH 16 N/A 92 2 1.00 0.8 MeOH >200 N/A 74 3 1.8 1MeOH 40 N/A 85 4 1.7 0.8 MeOH 40 N/A 75 5 1.15 3 neat 2 82 88 6 1.4 6.6neat 2 66 95 7 4.0 6.5 neat 2.5 87 92 8 7.3 6.7 neat 1.5 84 90 9 11.66.5 neat 16 N/A 96 10 11.5 6.5 neat 2 65 99 11 27 7.3 neat 2.5 72 97 1222.7 6.3 neat 2.5 75 97 Note: All reactions were conducted at 22-25° C.

Typical Procedure for Converting 2-Br to 2b-Br

Crude ester 2-Br (183 g, 0.65 moles) was dissolved in 1.5 L of n-heptaneand transferred to a 5 L 3-neck round bottom flask equipped with acondenser, an overhead stirrer and a thermocouple.

Morpholine (248 g, 2.85 moles, 4.4 equiv.) was charged to the flask andthe mixture warmed to 60° C. and stirred for 16 hours. In-process HPLCshowed <1% of ester 2-Br. The reaction mixture was cooled to 22-25° C.and 1.5 L of MTBE was added with continued cooling of the mixture to 4°C. and slowly added 700 mL of a 30%, by weight, aqueous citric acidsolution. The temperature of the reaction mixture was kept <15° C.during the addition. The reaction was stirred at about 14° C. for onehour and then the layers were separated. The organic layer was washedwith 400 mL of 30%, by weight, aqueous citric acid solution and thenwith 400 mL of aqueous 9% NaHCO₃. The solvent was slowly removed until565 g of the reaction mixture remained. This mixture was stirred withoverhead stirring for about 16 hours. The slurry was filtered and thesolids washed with 250 mL of n-heptane. Weight of 2b-Br=133 g. HPLCpurity (by area %) 98%.

This is a 44% overall yield from 2,5-dibromopyridine.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, d₆-DMSO): δ8.86 (d, J=2.3 Hz, 1H), 8.34 (dd, J=8.5, 2.3Hz, 1H), 7.81 (dd, J=8.5, 0.5 Hz, 1H), 3.63-3.54 (m, 4H), 3.44-3.39 (m,2H), 3.34-3.30 (m, 2H). MS m/z 321 (M+H⁺), 323 (M+2+H⁺).

1c. 2-(5-bromopyridin-2-yl)-1-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-2,2-difluoroethanone(3-Br)

Process Development

Table 3 illustrates the effects of the relative proportions of each ofthe reagents and reactants, and the effect of varying the temperaturehad on the overall performance of the transformation as measured by theoverall yield and purity of the reaction.

TABLE 3 Process Development for the Preparation of bromo-pyridine 3-BrAmide Grignard Weight HPLC Exper- (2b-Br) reagent Temp. Time yieldpurity iment (g) (Equiv.) (° C.) (hrs) (%) (%) 1 0.83 1 −20 to +22 10days N/A 16 2 0.45 1.2  0 to 22 24 N/A 16 3 0.45 1.2 0 3 109 55 4 4.01.25 0 1.5 N/A 11 5 0.7 1.4  0 to 22 24 N/A 17 6 0.5 1.2  0 to 22 24 N/A10 7 0.51 1.25 0 2.5 111 91 8 2.0 1.6 0 1.5 54 94 9 1.0 3.8 0 0.5 N/A 8710 10 1.4 0 2 82 94 11 1.9 1.2  0 to 22 24 N/A 21 12 7.6 1.5 0 1.5 75 9413 17.2 1.5 0 1.5 68 92

Typical Procedure for Converting 2b-Br to 3-Br

Grignard Formation:

Magnesium turnings (13.63 g, 0.56 moles) were charged to a 3-neck roundbottom flask equipped with a condenser, thermocouple, addition funnel,and a stir bar. 540 mL of anhydrous tetrahydrofuran was added followedby 1-Bromo-2,4-difluorobenzene (16.3 mL, 0.144 moles). The contents werestirred at 22-25° C. and allowed to self-heat to 44° C.1-Bromo-2,4-difluorobenzene (47 mL, 0.416 moles) was added to thereaction mixture at a rate that maintained the internal temperaturebetween 40-44° C. during the addition. Once the addition was complete,the mixture was stirred for 2 hours and allowed to cool to about 25°during the stir time.

This mixture was held at 22-25° C. and used within 3-4 hours after theaddition of 1-bromo-2,4-difluorobenzene was completed.

Coupling Reaction

Compound 2b-Br (120 g, 0.0374 moles) was charged to a 3-neck roundbottom flask equipped with a condenser, thermocouple, and an overheadstirrer. 600 mL of anhydrous tetrahydrofuran was added. The flaskcontents were stirred at 22° C. until a clear solution was obtained. Thesolution was cooled to 0-5° C. The previously prepared solution of theGrignard reagent was then added slowly while maintaining the reactiontemperature at 0-2° C. Reaction progress was monitored by HPLC.In-process check after 45 minutes showed <1% amide 2b-Br remaining. 2 Naqueous HCl (600 mL, 3 vol) was added slowly maintaining the temperaturebelow 18° C. during the addition. The reaction was stirred for 30minutes and the layers were separated. The aqueous layer was extractedwith 240 mL MTBE. The combined organic layers were washed with 240 mL ofaqueous 9% NaHCO₃ and 240 mL of aqueous 20% NaCl. The organic layer wasdried over 28 g of MgSO4 and removed the solvent to yield 3-Br (137 g)as an amber oil.

HPLC purity (by area %)=˜90%; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, d₆-DMSO): δ8.80 (d, J=2.2Hz, 1H), 8.41 (dd, J=8.3, 2.3 Hz, 1H), 8.00 (m, 2H), 7.45 (m, 1H), 7.30(m, 1H). MS m/z 348 (M+H⁺), 350 (M+2+H⁺).

1d.1-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-2,2-difluoro-2-(5-(4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)ethanone(1-4)

Typical Procedure for Converting 3-Br to 1-4

Into a 250 mL reactor were charged THF (45 mL), water (9.8 mL),bromo-pyridine 3-Br (6.0 g, 17.2 mmoles),4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenylboronic acid (3.57 g, 17.3 mmoles), and Na₂CO₃(4.55 g, 42.9 mmoles). The stirred mixture was purged with nitrogen for15 min. The catalyst (Pd(dppf)Cl₂ as a CH₂Cl₂ adduct, 0.72 g, 0.88mmoles) was added, and the reaction mixture was heated to 65° C. andheld for 2.5 h. The heat was shut off and the reaction mixture wasallowed to cool to 20-25° C. and stir overnight. HPLC analysis showed˜90% ketone 1-4/hydrate and no unreacted bromo-pyridine 3-Br. MTBE (45mL) and DI H₂O (20 mL) were added, and the quenched reaction was stirredfor 45 min. The mixture was passed through a plug of Celite (3 g) toremove solids and was rinsed with MTBE (25 mL). The filtrate wastransferred to a separatory funnel, and the aqueous layer drained. Theorganic layer was washed with 20% brine (25 mL). and split into twoportions. Both were concentrated by rotovap to give oils (7.05 g and1.84 g, 8.89 g total, >100% yield, HPLC purity ˜90%). The larger aliquotwas used to generate hetone 1-4 as is. The smaller aliquot was dissolvedin DCM (3.7 g, 2 parts) and placed on a pad of SiO₂ (5.5 g, 3 parts).The flask was rinsed with DCM (1.8 g), and the rinse added to the pad.The pad was eluted with DCM (90 mL), and the collected filtrateconcentrated to give an oil (1.52 g). To this was added heptanes (6 g, 4parts) and the mixture stirred. The oil crystallized, resulting in aslurry. The slurry was stirred at 20-25° C. overnight. The solid wasisolated by vacuum filtration, and the cake washed with heptanes (˜1.5mL). The cake was dried in the vacuum oven (40-45° C.) with a N₂ sweep.0.92 g of ketone 1-4 was obtained, 60.1% yield (corrected for aliquotsize), HPLC purity=99.9%.

Example 2: Preparation of2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-3,3-difluoro-3-(5-(4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)propane-1,2-diol(2-6a or 2-6c) 2a.2-(2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-1,1-difluoroallyl)-5-(4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl)pyridine(2-5)

Typical Procedure for Converting 1-4 to 2-5

Ketone 1-4 (2.02 g, 0.0047 moles, 1 eq) was placed into a vial alongwith a stir bar and MTBE (4 mL). The mixture was stirred at 22° C. untilall of the solids dissolved. MgSO₄ (0.3 g) was added and the mixturestirred at 22° C. for 5 h. The suspension was filtered through filterpaper and the solids washed with MTBE (2 mL).

Methyltriphenylphosphonium bromide (5.04 g, 0.014 moles, 3 eq) wasplaced into a 3-neck 100 mL round bottom flask equipped with athermocouple, condenser, septum and stir bar. MTBE (22 mL, 11 vol) wasadded and the slurry was cooled to 0° C. n-butyl lithium (6.0 mL of 1.6M, 0.0096 moles, 2 eq) was added via syringe over 18 min, keeping thereaction temperature below 2° C. during the addition. The reaction wasstirred for 90 min at 0° C. The 1-4 solution was slowly added viasyringe, maintaining a reaction temperature below 2° C. during theaddition. The reaction was stirred at 0° C. for 1 h and then warmed to22° C. and stirred for about 16 h. Ethyl acetate (30 mL) and water (50mL) were added to the reaction mixture, which was stirred for 30 min.The layers were allowed to separate. The organic layer was washed with20% aqueous NaCl (25 mL) and the solvent removed to yield a dark oil.Heptane (50 mL) was added to the oil, and the mixture stirred for 2 h.The heptane was decanted, and additional heptane (50 mL) was added tothe residue. The mixture was stirred for 1 h, and the heptane decanted.The heptane layers were combined, and the solvent removed to yield ayellow oil.

The oil was purified by column chromatography using silica gel (20 g)and CH₂Cl₂ as the eluent. The fractions containing olefin 2-5 werecombined and the solvent removed to yield an oil. 0.52 g (24%) of olefin2-5 was obtained, HPLC purity=94%.

2b.2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-3,3-difluoro-3-(5-(4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)propane-1,2-diol(2-6a or 2-6b)

Typical Procedure for Converting 2-5 to 2-6a or 2-6c

K₂OsO₄.H₂O (1.5 mg, 0.004 mmoles, 0.01 eq), (DHQD)₂AQN (14.8 mg, 0.017mmoles, 0.04 eq), K₂CO₃ (0.33 g, 2.4 mmoles, 5.8 eq), and K₃FeCN₆ (0.75g, 2.3 mmoles, 5.6 eq) were charged to a vial equipped with a stir bar.H₂O (7 mL) and t-BuOH (6 mL) were added and the mixture was stirred at22° C. for 30 minutes. Olefin 2-5 was dissolved in t-BuOH (1 mL), andthe solution charged to the reaction mixture. Methanesulfonamide (38 mg,0.4 mmoles, 1 eq) was added and the mixture stirred at 22° C. for 48hours. The reaction was quenched by the addition of water (10 mL) andMTBE (10 mL). The layers were separated, and the aqueous layer extractedwith MTBE (10 mL). The organic layers were combined and washed with 10%aqueous sodium metabisulfite (5 mL), water (5 mL), and 20% aqueous NaCl(5 mL). The organic layer was checked by HPLC: 70% of the diol 2-6a or2-6c was observed, ee by chiral HPLC=42.

Example 3: Preparation of3-amino-2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-1,1-difluoro-1-(5-(4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)propan-2-ol(1-6* or 1-7*) 3a.3-amino-2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-1,1-difluoro-1-(5-(4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)propan-2-ol(±1-6)

Process Development

Table 4 illustrates the effects of the relative proportions of each ofthe reagents and reactants, the effect of varying the solvent, and theeffect of varying the temperature had on the overall performance of thetransformation as measured by the overall yield and purity of thereaction.

TABLE 4 Process Development for the Preparation of ±1-6 NH₃ Solvent(s)Temp Time % ±1-6 Yield Entry (eq) (vol) (°C.) (h) (HPLC) (%)  1  7 + 7MeOH (6.8) 20-25 → 60 19 75.7 —  2 15.5 MeOH (5) 61 18 74.1 61  3 20MeOH (6.5) 50 19 81.8 —  4 40 MeOH (13) 50 19 84.3 —  5 20 IPA (22) 5019 81.8 —  6 20 MeOH (6.5) 40 15 81.6 —  7 40 MeOH (13) 40 22 90.4 —  861 MeOH (19.5) 50 21 92.6 —  9 61 MeOH/H₂O (20) 50 21 81.1 — 10 61MeOH/H₂O (20) 20-25 6 — — 11 61 MeOH/H₂O (31) 50 14.5 93.9 — 12 61¹ MeOH(20) 50 19 93.4 — 13 61 dioxane/H₂O 50 20 93.8 — 14 59 MeOH/H₂O (31) 5015 93.6 60.8

Typical Procedure for Converting 5 to ±1-6

Epoxide 5 (2.17 g, 4.89 mmoles) was combined in a glass pressure tubewith methanol (48 mL) and aqueous ammonia (19.5 mL). The tube was sealedand placed in an oil bath held at 54° C., with stirring. After 15 h thetube was removed from the bath, cooled, and the reaction sampled forHPLC, which showed 93.6% amino-alcohol ±1-6 and 6.0% di-adducts. To thereaction were added MTBE (48 mL) and 20% NaCl (20 mL). The layers wereseparated and the aqueous layer extracted with MTBE (20 mL). Thecombined organic layers were washed with H₂O (20 mL) and transferred toa rotovap flask. Heptane (20 mL) was added, and the solution wasconcentrated until 16.9 g remained in the flask. An H₂O layer appearedin the flask, and was pipetted out, leaving 12.8 g. Compound 1-6 seedwas added, and the crystallizing mixture was stirred at 20-25° C.overnight. The flask was cooled in an ice bath for 2 h prior tofiltration, and the isolated solid was washed with cold heptane (5 mL),and pulled dry on the funnel. After drying in a vacuum oven (40-45° C.)for several hours 1.37 g of amino-alcohol ±1-6 was obtained, 60.8%yield, HPLC purity=98.0%.

3b.3-amino-2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-1,1-difluoro-1-(5-(4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)propan-2-ol(1-6* or 1-7*)

Process Development

Table 5 illustrates the initial screen performed surveying variouschiral acid/solvent combinations. All entries in Table 9 were generatedusing 0.1 mmoles of amino-alcohol ±1-6, 1 equivalent of the chiral acid,and 1 ml of solvent.

TABLE 5 Resolution of ±1-6 (Initial Screen) Result (supernatant ee) MeOHEtOH IPA ACN Tartaric solution solid solid gel (63.7) (36.3) (87.1)Dibenzoyl TA solution solution solid gel (8.0) (24.5) Di-p-toluoyl TAsolution solid solid gel (64.9) (89.6) (82.4) Malic solution solutionsolution solid (30.7) Mandelic solution solution solution solution CSAsolution solid solid solid (0.5) (5.1) (12.8) Ascorbic solution solutionsolution solution Camphoric solution solution solution solid (57.2)

Since the best results from Table 5 were generated using tartaric acidand di-p-toluoyltartaric acid, Table 6 captures the results from afocused screen using these two chiral acids and various solventcombinations. All entries in Table 6 were performed with 0.2 mmoles ofamino-alcohol ±1-6, 87 volumes of solvent, and each entry was exposed toheating at 51° C. for 1 h, cooled to RT, and stirred at RT for 24 h.

TABLE 6 Resolution of ±1-6 (Focused Screen) Conditions Mass (g) ee 77 mg(1 eq) Di-p-toluoyl tartaric acid/ACN 0.08 88.6 77 mg (1 eq)Di-p-toluoyl tartaric acid/IPA 0.08 79.1 42 mg (0.55 eq) Di-p-toluoyltartaric acid/IPA 0.04 92.7 16.5 mg (0.55 eq) tartaric acid/ACN 0.0729.9

Each of the three entries using di-p-toluoyltartaric acid in Table 6resulted in higher levels of enantio-enrichment when compared totartaric acid. As such, efforts to further optimize theenantio-enrichment were focusing on conditions usingdi-p-toluoyltartaric acid (Table 7).

TABLE 7 Resolution of ±1-6 Using DPPTA (D)- or (L)- Vol Entry DPTTASolvent Solvent Yield (%) ee 1 L ACN 86 83 86.5 2 D ACN 91 108 49.6 3 DACN 86 86 84.5 4 D ACN 22 161 16.0 5 D ACN/MeOH (9:1) 20 97 75.2 6 DACN/MeOH (8:2) 20 54 96.3 7  D* ACN/MeOH (8:2) 15 40 18.2^(†) 8  D*ethanol 20 21 93.2 9 D ACN/MeOH (8:2) 15 80 74.0 10 D ACN/MeOH (8:2) 1460 96.1 *0.6 equivalents used ^(†)ee sense was opposite from the otherentries in the table (i.e., enantiomer of 1-6*)

Table 8 demonstrates that the enantiomeric excess obtained from DPPTAresolution (Table 7) can be further increased by slurrying in ACN/MeOH.

TABLE 8 Increases in ee of (D)-DPPTA Resolution Products by ReslurryingInitial Final Initial Purity Purity Entry Solvent Volumes ee (%) (%)Final ee 1 8:2 11 91.4 99.7 95.6 99.5 ACN/MeOH 2 8:2 13 78.1 98.6 — 97.3ACN/MeOH 3 8:2 15 81.3 85.4 — 83.9 ACN/MeOH 4 8:2 13 74 99.0 — 97.5ACN/MeOH 5 8:2 13 96.1 — 99.0 99.2 ACN/MeOH 6 8:2 12.7 91.5 95.7 96.293.5 ACN/MeOH 7 8:2 12.9 93.5 96.2 NA 94.7 ACN/MeOH

Typical Procedure for Converting ±1-6 to 1-6* or 1-7*

(This experimental procedure describes resolution of ±1-6, butconditions used for DPPTA resolution of 1-6 or 1-7 are essentially thesame.)

Amino-alcohol ±1-6 (7.0 g, 15 mmoles) was dissolved in a mixture ofacetonitrile (84 mL) and methanol (21 mL). (D)-DPTTA (5.89 g, 15 mmoles)was added, and the reaction was warmed to 50° C. and held for 2.5 h. Theheat was then removed and the suspension was allowed to cool and stir at20-25° C. for 65 h. The suspension was cooled in an ice bath and stirredfor an additional 2 h. Solid was isolated by vacuum filtration, and thecake was washed with cold 8:2 ACN/MeOH (35 mL). After drying at 50° C.,5.18 g of 1-6* or 1-7*/DPPTA salt was isolated, HPLC purity=99.0, ee=74.

The 1-6* or 1-7*/DPPTA salt (5.18 g) was combined with 8:2 ACN/MeOH (68mL) and the suspension was heated to 50° C. and held for 20 min. Aftercooling to 20-25° C. the mixture was stirred for 16 h. Solids wereisolated by vacuum filtration, and the cake washed with cold 8:2ACN/MeOH (30 mL), and pulled dry on the funnel. 2.82 g of 1-6* or1-7*/DPPTA salt was obtained, 44.4% yield (from crude ±1-6), ee=97.5.The resulting solids were freebased to provide 1-6* or 1-7* with thesame achiral and chiral purity as the DPPTA salt.

Example 4: Preparation of2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-1,1-difluoro-3-(1H-tetrazol-1-yl)-1-(5-(4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)propan-2-ol(1 or 1a)

The procedure used to generate compound 1 or 1a is as described in U.S.Pat. No. 4,426,531. Table 9 illustrates the efficient and quantitativenature of this procedure as performed on amino-alcohol 1-6* or 1-7*produced from both the TMS-cyanohydrin method and the TMSI-epoxidationmethod.

TABLE 9 Formation of Compound 1 or 1a 1-6* or 1-6* or 1-6* or 1-7* Cmpd1 or 1a 1-7* 1-7* Purity Purity Yield Entry Origin Amt (g) (HPLC %)(HPLC %) (%) 1 TMSI- 1 99.0 97.4 96.5 epoxidation Method 2 TMS- 1 98.097.9 99.2 cyanohydrin Method

Example 5:2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-1,1-difluoro-3-(1H-tetrazol-1-yl)-1-(5-(4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)propan-2-olbenzenesulfonate (1 or 1a-BSA)

Typical Procedure for Converting 1 or 1a to 1 or 1a-BSA

46.6 g of compound 1 or 1a was dissolved in ethylacetate (360 ml). Thesolution was filtered through a glass microfiber filter and placed in a2 L reaction flask equipped with an overhead stirrer, condenser, and aJ-Kem thermocouple. Pharma-grade benzenesulfonic acid (BSA, 14.39 g, 1eq) was dissolved in ethyl acetate (100 ml). The BSA solution wasfiltered through a glass microfiber filter and added to the stirred 1 or1a solution in one portion. The mixture was warmed to 60-65° C.;precipitation of the 1 or 1a/BSA salt occurred during the warm upperiod. The slurry was held for 60 minutes at 60-65° C. The suspensionwas allowed to slowly cool to 22° C. and was stirred at 20-25° C. for 16hours. n-Heptane (920 ml) was charged in one portion and the suspensionwas stirred at 22° C. for an additional 90 minutes. The slurry wasfiltered and the collected solids washed with n-heptane (250 ml). Theisolated solids were placed in a vacuum oven at 50° C. for 16 hours.52.26 g (86% yield) of 1 or 1a benzenesulfonate was obtained.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6+D₂O): 89.16 (s, 1H), 8.95 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H),8.26 (dd, J=8.2, 2.3 Hz, 1H), 7.96-7.89 (m, 2H), 7.66-7.61 (m, 2H), 7.59(dd, J=8.3, 0.4 Hz, 1H), 7.53 (br d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.38-7.15 (m, 5H),6.90 (dt, J=8.3, 2.5 Hz, 1H), 5.69 (d, J=14.8 Hz, 1H), 5.15 (d, J=15.2Hz, 1H).

Further results are in Table 10.

TABLE 10 Formation of 1 or 1a-BSA 1 or 1a Purity 1 or 1a 1 or 1a-BSA 1or 1a-BSA 1 or 1a-BSA (%) (% ee) Yield Purity (%) ee 97.9 95.9 84% 98.297.1

Example 6:3-amino-1-(5-bromopyridin-2-yl)-2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-1,1-difluoropropan-2-ol(4b-Br)

Typical Procedure for Converting 4-Br to 4b-Br

Crude epoxide 4-Br (54.4 g, 0.15 moles) was placed into a Schottautoclave bottle equipped with a stir bar. 550 mL of MeOH was added tothe bottle and stirred for 90 minutes at 22-25° C. Concentrated NH₄OH(550 mL, 7.98 moles, 53 equiv) was added to the epoxide 4-Br solution.The bottle was sealed and placed in an oil bath at 55° C. The mixturewas stirred at 55° C. for 17 hours. The bottle was removed from the oilbath and cooled to 22-25° C. In-process HPLC showed <1% epoxide 4-Brremaining. The solvent was removed via rotary evaporation until 362 g(37%) of the reaction mass remained. 500 mL of MTBE was added and cooledthe mixture to 8° C. 500 mL of 6N HCl was slowly added maintaining thereaction temperature between 8-12° C. during the addition. Afterstirring for 10 minutes, the layers were separated. The MTBE layer wasextracted with 350 mL of 6N HCl. The combined aqueous layers were washedwith 250 mL MTBE and 2×250 mL heptane. MTBE, 250 mL, was added to theaqueous layer and the mixture was cooled to 2° C. 344 g of KOH wasdissolved in 500 mL of water. The KOH solution was slowly added to thereaction mixture over one hour while maintaining the temperature at <19°C. After stirring for 15 minutes, the layers were separated. The aqueouslayer was extracted with 250 mL MTBE. The combined organic layers werewashed with 250 mL of aqueous 20% NaCl and the solvent was removed toyield ±4b-Br as a dark oil. Weight of crude amino alcohol ±4b-Br=46.0 g.HPLC purity (by area %)=92%; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, d₆-DMSO): δ8.67 (d, J=2.2Hz, 1H), 8.15 (dd, J=8.6, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.46 (m, 1H), 7.40 (dd, J=8.5,0.7 Hz, 1H), 7.10 (m, 1H), 7.00 (m, 1H), 3.37 (dd, J=13.7, 2.1 Hz, 1H),3.23 (dd, J=13.7, 2.7, 1H). MS m/z 379 (M+H⁺), 381 (M+2+H⁺).

Example 7:3-amino-1-(5-bromopyridin-2-yl)-2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-1,1-difluoropropan-2-ol(4b-Br or 4c-Br)

Typical Procedure for Converting 4-Br to 4b-Br or 4c-Br

Crude amino alcohol ±4b-Br (42.4, 0.11 moles) was dissolved in 425 mL of8:2 IPA: CH₃CN. The solution was charged to a 1 L 3-neck round bottomflask equipped with a condenser, overhead stirrer and a thermocouple.Charged di-p-toluoyl-L-tartaric acid (21.6 g, 0.056 moles, 0.5 equiv) tothe flask and warmed the contents to 52° C. The reaction mixture wasstirred at 52° C. for 5 hours, cooled to 22-25° C. and stirred for 12hours. The slurry was cooled to 5-10° C. and stirred for 90 minutes. Themixture was filtered and collected solids washed with 80 mL of coldCH₃CN. The solids were dried in a vacuum oven 45-50° C. Weight of aminoalcohol/DPTTA salt=17.4 g

Chemical purity by HPLC (area %)=98.5%; Chiral HPLC=98.0% ee.

13.60 g of the amino alcohol/DPTTA salt was placed into a 250 mL flaskwith a stir bar and to this was added 100 mL of MTBE and 100 mL of 10%aqueous K₂CO₃ solution. The reaction was stirred until completedissolution was observed. The layers were separated and the aqueouslayer was extracted with 50 mL of MTBE. The combined MTBE layers werewashed with 50 mL of 20% aqueous NaCl and the solvent removed to yield8.84 (98%) of 4b-Br or 4c-Br as a light yellow oil.

Example 8:3-amino-2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-1,1-difluoro-1-(5-(4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl)pyridin-2-yl)propan-2-ol(1-6* or 1-7*)

Typical Procedure for Converting 4b-Br or 4c-Br to 1-6* or 1-7*

Amino alcohol 4b-Br or 4c-Br (8.84 g, 0.023 moles, 1 equiv) wasdissolved in 73 mL of n-propanol. The solution was transferred to a 250mL 3-neck round bottom flask equipped with a condenser, thermocouple,stir bar and septum. 17 mL of water was added and stirred at 22-25° C.for 5 minutes. To the reaction was added K₂CO₃ (9.67 g, 0.07 moles, 3equiv), 4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenylboronic acid (5.76 g, 0.028 moles, 1.2equiv.) and Pd(dppf)Cl₂ as a CH₂Cl₂ adduct (0.38 g, 0.47 mmoles, 0.02equiv) to the flask. After the mixture was purged with nitrogen for 10minutes, the reaction was then warmed to 85-87° C. and stirred at 85-87°C. for 16 hours. HPLC analysis showed <1% of the amino alcohol 4b-Br or4c-Br remaining. The mixture was cooled to 22-25° C., then 115 mL ofMTBE and 115 mL of water were added and stirred for 30 minutes. Thelayers were separated and the organic layer was washed with 2×60 mL of20% aqueous NaCl. The solvent was removed to yield 12.96 g (121% yield)of 1-6* or 1-7* as a crude dark oil. It should be noted that the oilcontains residual solvent, Pd and boronic acid impurity.

¹H NMR (400 MHz, d₆-DMSO): δ8.90 (d, J=2.2 Hz, 1H), 8.22 (dd, J=8.3, 2.3Hz, 1H), 7.91 (m, 2H), 7.54 (m, 4H), 7.14 (m, 1H), 7.02 (m, 1H), 3.41(m, 1H), 3.27 (dd, J=14.0, 2.7, 1H). MS m/z 461 (M+H⁺)

INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE

The contents of all references (including literature references, issuedpatents, published patent applications, and co-pending patentapplications) cited throughout this application are hereby expresslyincorporated herein in their entireties by reference.

EQUIVALENTS

Those skilled in the art will recognize, or be able to ascertain usingno more than routine experimentation, many equivalents of the specificembodiments of the invention described herein. Such equivalents areintended with be encompassed by the following claims.

What is claimed:
 1. A process to prepare compound 1 or 1a, or a mixturethereof, or a salt of compound 1 or 1a, or a mixture thereof:

comprising converting a compound of formula V or Va, or a mixturethereof:

to compound 1 or 1a, or a mixture thereof; wherein each R₂ isindependently

halo, —O(C═O)-alkyl, —O(C═O)-substituted alkyl, —O(C═O)-aryl,—O(C═O)-substituted aryl, —O(C═O)—O-alkyl, —O(C═O)—O-substituted alkyl,—O(C═O)—O-aryl, —O(C═O)—O-substituted aryl, —O(SO₂)-alkyl,—O(SO₂)-substituted alkyl, —O(SO₂)-aryl, or —O(SO₂)-substituted aryl. 2.The process of claim 1, further comprising reacting a compound offormula IV:

under asymmetric dihydroxylation conditions to provide a compound offormula V or Va, or a mixture thereof:

wherein the asymmetric dihydroxylation conditions comprise: (i) AD-mixalpha or AD-mix beta; or (ii) a first oxidant in catalytic amountselected from OsO₄ or K₂OsO₂(OH)₄ (iii) a second oxidant instoichiometric amount selected from K₃Fe(CN)₆ orN-methylmorpholine-N-oxide; (iv) a base selected from NaHCO₃, Na₂CO₃,Cs₂CO₃, or K₂CO₃; and (v) a chiral ligand that is selected from(DHQ)₂PHAL, (DHQD)₂PHAL, (DHQD)₂AQN, (DHQ)₂AQN, (DHQD)₂PYR, and(DHQ)₂PYR; and each R₂ is independently

halo, —O(C═O)-alkyl, —O(C═O)-substituted alkyl, —O(C═O)-aryl,—O(C═O)-substituted aryl, —O(C═O)—O-alkyl, —O(C═O)—O-substituted alkyl,—O(C═O)—O-aryl, —O(C═O)—O-substituted aryl, —O(SO₂)-alkyl,—O(SO₂)-substituted alkyl, —O(SO₂)-aryl, or —O(SO₂)-substituted aryl. 3.The process of claim 2, wherein the chiral ligand is selected from thegroup consisting of (DHQ)₂PHAL, (DHQD)₂PHAL, (DHQD)₂AQN, and (DHQD)₂PYR.4. The process of claim 3, wherein (ii) further comprisesmethanesulfonamide.
 5. The process of claim 1, further comprisingconverting a compound of formula VI or VIa, or a mixture thereof:

to a compound of formula VII or VIIa, or a mixture thereof:

wherein each Y is independently —OSO₂-alkyl, —OSO₂-substituted alkyl,—OSO₂-aryl, —OSO₂-substituted aryl, —O(C═O)-alkyl, —O(C═O)-substitutedalkyl, —O(C═O)-aryl, —O(C═O)-substituted aryl, or halogen; and each R₂is independently

halo, —O(C═O)-alkyl, —O(C═O)-substituted alkyl, —O(C═O)-aryl,—O(C═O)-substituted aryl, —O(C═O)—O-alkyl, —O(C═O)—O-substituted alkyl,—O(C═O)—O-aryl, —O(C═O)—O-substituted aryl, —O(SO₂)-alkyl,—O(SO₂)-substituted alkyl, —O(SO₂)-aryl, or —O(SO₂)-substituted aryl. 6.The process of claim 2, wherein the steps of converting compound V or Vainto compound 1 or 1a comprises: (i) activating the primary alcohol of2-6a or 2-6c,

or a mixture thereof, to provide a compound of formula 2-7a or 2-7c,

or a mixture thereof; wherein each Y is independently —OSO₂-alkyl,—OSO₂-substituted alkyl, —OSO₂-aryl, —OSO₂-substituted aryl,—O(C═O)-alkyl, —O(C═O)-substituted alkyl, —O(C═O)-aryl,—O(C═O)-substituted aryl, or halogen; (ii) ring-closing of a compound of2-7a or 2-7c,

or a mixture thereof, to provide epoxide 5* or 5b*,

or a mixture thereof; (iii) ring-opening epoxide 5* or 5b*,

or a mixture thereof, to provide amino-alcohol 1-6* or 1-7*, or

a mixture thereof; and (iv) forming the tetrazole of amino-alcohol 1-6*or 1-7*,

or a mixture thereof, to provide compound 1 or 1a,

or a mixture thereof.
 7. The process of claim 6, wherein Y is mesylateor tosylate.
 8. The process of claim 2, wherein the steps of convertingcompound V or Va into compound 1 or 1a comprises: (i) activating theprimary alcohol 2-6b or 2-6d,

or a mixture thereof, to provide a compound of formula 2-7b or 2-7d,

or a mixture thereof; (ii) ring-closing a compound of 2-7b or 2-7d,

or a mixture thereof, to provide epoxide 4*or 4c*,

or a mixture thereof; (iii) ring-opening epoxide 4*or 4c*

or a mixture thereof, to provide amino-alcohol 4b or 4c,

or a mixture thereof; (iv) arylating amino-alcohol 4b or 4c,

or a mixture thereof, to provide aryl-pyridine 1-6* or 1-7*,

or a mixture thereof; and (v) forming the tetrazole of amino-alcohol1-6* or 1-7*,

or a mixture thereof, to provide compound 1 or 1a,

or a mixture thereof; wherein each Y is independently —OSO₂-alkyl,—OSO₂-substituted alkyl, —OSO₂-aryl, —OSO₂-substituted aryl,—O(C═O)-alkyl, —O(C═O)-substituted alkyl, —O(C═O)-aryl,—O(C═O)-substituted aryl, or halogen; and each R₁ is independently halo,—O(C═O)-alkyl, —O(C═O)-substituted alkyl, —O(C═O)-aryl,—O(C═O)-substituted aryl, —O(C═O)—O-alkyl, —O(C═O)—O-substituted alkyl,—O(C═O)—O-aryl, —O(C═O)—O-substituted aryl, —O(SO₂)-alkyl,—O(SO₂)-substituted alkyl, —O(SO₂)-aryl, or —O(SO₂)-substituted aryl. 9.The process of claim 6, further comprising: (i) combining compound 1 or1a,

or a mixture thereof, a sulfonic acid

and a crystallization solvent or crystallization solvent mixture; (ii)diluting the mixture from step (i) with a crystallization co-solvent orcrystallization co-solvent mixture; and (iii) isolating a compound offormula IX or IXa,

or a mixture thereof wherein each Z is independently aryl, substitutedaryl, alkyl, or substituted alkyl.
 10. The process of claim 9, wherein Zis phenyl, p-tolyl, methyl, or ethyl.
 11. The process of claim 9,wherein the crystallization solvent or crystallization solvent mixtureis ethyl acetate, isopropyl acetate, ethanol, methanol, or acetonitrile,or combinations thereof.
 12. The process of claim 9, wherein thecrystallization co-solvent or crystallization co-solvent mixture ispentane, methyl tert-butylether, hexane, heptane, or toluene, orcombinations thereof.
 13. The process of claim 8, further comprising:(i) combining compound 1 or 1a,

or a mixture thereof, a sulfonic acid

and a crystallization solvent or crystallization solvent mixture; (ii)diluting the mixture from step (i) with a crystallization co-solvent orcrystallization co-solvent mixture; and (iii) isolating a compound offormula IX or IXa,

or a mixture thereof; wherein each Z is independently aryl, substitutedaryl, alkyl, or substituted alkyl.
 14. The process of claim 13, whereinZ is phenyl, p-tolyl, methyl, or ethyl.
 15. The process of claim 13,wherein the crystallization solvent or crystallization solvent mixtureis ethyl acetate, isopropyl acetate, ethanol, methanol, or acetonitrile,or combinations thereof.
 16. The process of claim 13, wherein thecrystallization co-solvent or crystallization co-solvent mixture ispentane, methyl tert-butylether, hexane, heptane, or toluene, orcombinations thereof.